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Chapter 4
Communities and Biomes
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Community Distribution
Limiting Factor – any biotic or abiotic factor that restricts an organism (ex. Food, water, shelter..)
Range of tolerance – when organism receives too much or too little of something (ex. Sun, water...)
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1. What happened to the deer population over the years?2. What are possible reasons for what happened to the deer population?3. What do animals need to survive?4. Define “limiting factor.”5. What are some of the limiting factors that affect the deer’s survival?6. Are wildlife populations static, or do they tend to fluctuate as part of an overall “balance of nature?”7. Is nature ever really in “balance”, or are ecological systems constantly changing?
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Climax community – a stable mature community that undergoes little or no succession (example: a mature Oak Forest)
Succession – orderly, natural changes in a community over time
Pioneer species – first inhabiters of an area (moss, lichens)Primary (1) Succession - first colonization of a new land (lava flow, stream deposit, strip mine)
Secondary (2) succession - sequence of changes that happen after a community is disrupted by natural disasters (forest fire, hurricane, flood) or by human actions (agriculture, clear cutting forest)
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Biomes – a large group of ecosystems that share the same type
of climax community
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Aquatic biome – biome of water (river, lake, ocean, stream)
Marine biome – the ocean covers nearly 75% of the earth’s surface
Plankton –producers of the ocean, generally microscopic
Photic zone – layer of the water that is shallow enough that light can pass through
Aphotic zone – layer of water that is deep enough that it never receives light
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Marine Zones
Photic
Aphotic
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Estuary – water (such as at the mouth of a river) where fresh water and salt water mix (brackish water)
Estuaries are often associated with high rates of biological productivity.
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Tidal zone (intertidal zone) – is where the land and sea meet, between the high and low tide zones. This complex marine ecosystem is found along coastlines worldwide. It is rich in
nutrients and oxygen and is home to a variety of organisms
Much of this inhospitable environment is washed by the tides each day, so organisms that live here are adapted to huge daily changes in moisture, temperature, turbulence (from the water), and salinity.
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Most livings are near the surface of fresh water where the water stays warmer and the light is able to penetrate the water
Freshwater biome – a water biome that does not contain much salt; lakes, ponds, rivers
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Terrestrial biome – biome on land
Temperature Precipitation
Two major factors influence the type of biome that exist on land
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Biome Graph Precipitation vs Temp.
"Original" Whittaker diagram
"Modified" Whittaker diagram
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Place Average Temperature oCAnnual Precipitation
(cm) Biome
La Selva, Costa Rica 22.1 403 Tropical Rain Forest
Marietta, Ohio 12 105Temperate Deciduous Forest
Pasadena California 18.2 51.8 Savanna
Ferron, Utah 8.8 20.9 Desert
Tucson, Arizona 21.1 21.9 Subtropical Desert
Santa Rosa, Costa Rica 26 165 Tropical Seasonal Forest
Brazzaville, Congo 25 137 Tropical Seasonal Forest
Lambarene, Gabon 25.7 195 Tropical Seasonal Forest
Amauulu, Hawaii 20 410 Tropical Rain Forest
Toolik Lake, Alaska -8.8 18 Tundra
Beijing, China 11.8 63.5 Temperate Grassland
Seoul, South Korea 11.2 137Temperate Deciduous Forest
Archbold Biological Station
29.1 131 Tropical Seasonal Forest*
Everglades National Park (Flamingo)
28.1 159 Tropical Seasonal Forest*
NOTE: Use “original” diagram
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Terrestrial Biome Map
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Tundra
It has poor soil due to the weather and small plants and animals because of the lack of protection and short growing seasons
Tundra – treeless land with long summer days and below 0C much of the year.Permafrost – because of the cold temperatures the ground never thaws more than a few inches deep the layer under the thawed layer remains frozen year round (permanently frozen)People have found remains of even extinct animals in the permafrost (a woolly mammoth)
10 000-year-old baby mammoth has been unearthed in a remote northern Siberian region
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Taiga
Taiga (Northern Coniferous Forest) – water logged soil, it lacks permafrost and has acidic soil due to pine needles. There is more shelter (trees) and large plants which allows for larger animals
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Desert
Desert – Annual rainfall 0 to 25cm. Plants vary with the amount of rain from small shrubs to nothing at all. Most animals are small and remain under cover during the day to escape the hot sun.
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Grasslands
Grassland – 25 to 75 cm of rain annually. It is covered with grasses and small plants.There is more biodiversity than deserts because of the more water.It is ideal for growing grains in the rich soil.
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Temperate Forest
Temperate forests – 70 to 150 cm per year. Usually there is a rich top layer of soil and a deeper layer of clay. Plants include broad-leaf trees.Many animals live in the forest year round others migrate south.
You live here!!!
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Tropical Rain Forest
Tropical Rain Forest – Receives 200 to 400 cm of rain per year. Most nutrients are tied up in the living material.The roots are usually shallow because of the thin, poor soil. This is the most biologically diverse of all the biomes