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Chapter 4 Nelson & Quick
Attitudes, Values, & Ethics
Copyright ©2005 by South-Western, a division of Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
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Attitude
Attitude - a psychological tendency expressed by evaluating an entity with some degree of favor or disfavor
Should poor performance be blamed on “bad attitude”?
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ffect Physiological indicators I don’t like my Verbal statements boss. about feelings
ehavioral Observed behavior I want to transfer intentions Verbal statements to another about intentions department.
M.J. Rosenberg and C. I. Hovland, “Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Componentsof Attitude,” in M.J. Rosenberg, C.I. Hovland, W.J. McGuire, R.P. Abelson, and J.H.
Brehm, Attitude Organization and Change, 1960
ABC Model of an Attitude
Component Measured by Example
ognition Attitude scales I believe my Verbal statements boss plays about beliefs favorites.
A
C
B
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Cognitive Dissonance
Cognitive Dissonance - a state of tension that is produced when an individual
experiences conflict between attitudes and behavior
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Two Influences on Attitude Formation
Direct Experience
Social Learning
the process of deriving attitudes from family, peer groups, religious organizations, and culture
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Four Processes for Social Learning through Modeling
Focus on the model Retain what was observed Practice the behavior Be motivated
The learner must
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Attitude–Behavior Correspondence Requirements
Attitude Specificity - a specific attitude Attitude Relevance - some self-interest Measurement Timing - measurement close to
observed behavior Personality Factors - ex. self-monitoring Social Constraints - acceptability
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Work Attitudes: Job Satisfaction
Job Satisfaction - a pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one’s job or job experience
Organizational Citizenship Behavior Behavior that is above and beyond duty Related to job satisfaction
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Work Attitudes: Organizational Commitment
Normative CommitmentPerceived obligation to remain
Continuance CommitmentCannot afford to leave
Affective CommitmentDesire to remain Organizational
Commitment The strength of an
individual’s identification with an organization
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Process of Persuasion
attitude of the target individual
Sourceindividual influences
target
NEW
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Characteristics
Persuadable Target - **lower self esteem,**moderate attitudes**good mood
Influential Source -**trustworthy**attractive**expertise
Message - **non-threatening**acknowledging
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Cognitive Routes to Persuasion
Adapted from R.E. Petty and J.T. Cacioppo, “The Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion,” in L. Berkowitz, ed., Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 19 (New York: Academic Press, 1986): 123-205.
Message
HighElaboration
Carefulprocessing
Attitude changedepending onquantity of arguments
LowElaboration
Absence ofcarefulprocessing
Attitude changedepending on sourcecharacteristics ornon-substantial aspectsof the message
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Values
Enduring beliefs that a specific mode of conduct or end state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end state of existence
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Values
Terminal - values that represent the goals to be achieved or the end states of existence
Examples: honesty, politeness, courage
Examples: happiness, salvation, prosperity
Instrumental - values that represent the acceptable behaviors to be used in achieving some end state
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Work Values
Achievement (career advancement) Concern for others (compassionate behavior) Honesty (provision of accurate information) Fairness (impartiality)
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Cultural Differences in Values
Authority is a right of office and rank
Decisions should be challenged
France
The Netherlands
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Handling Cultural Differences
Learn about others’ values Avoid prejudging business customs Operate legitimately within others’ ethical points of
view Avoid rationalizing “borderline” actions with
excuses Refuse to violate fundamental values Be open and aboveboard
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Ethical Behavior
Acting in ways consistent with one’s personal values and the commonly held values of the organization and society
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Qualities Required for Ethical Decision Making
The competence to identify ethical issues and evaluatethe consequences of alternative courses of action
The self-confidence to seek out different opinions aboutthe issue and decide what is right in terms of a situation
Tough mindedness--the willingness to make decisionswhen all that needs to be known cannot be known and when
the ethical issue has no established, unambiguous solution
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Individual/Organizational Model of Ethical Behavior
Individual InfluencesValue systemsLocus of controlMachiavellianismCognitive moral development
Organizational InfluencesCodes of conductNormsModelingRewards and punishments
EthicalBehavior
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Values, Ethics & Ethical Behavior
Value Systems - systems of beliefs that affect what the individual defines as right, good, and fair
Ethics - reflects the way values are acted out
Ethical behavior - actions consistent with one’s values
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Locus of Control
Locus of Control - personality variable that affects individual behavior
Internal - belief in personal control and personal responsibility
External - belief in control by outside forces (fate, chance, other people)
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Machiavellianism
A personality characteristic indicating one’s willingness to do whatever it takes to get one’s own way
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Cognitive Moral Development
Cognitive Moral Development - the process of moving through stages of maturity in terms of making ethical decisions
Level lPremoral
Level llConventional
Level lllPrincipled