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Chapter 4Chapter 4Sensation and PerceptionSensation and Perception
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Sensation and PerceptionSensation and Perception
SensationThe process by which our sense organs receive information from the environment
PerceptionThe sorting out, interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli involving our sense organs and brain
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Sensing the World Around UsSensing the World Around Us
Stimulus◦ Energy that produces a
response in a sense organ◦ Varies in both type and
intensity
PsychophysicsThe study of the relationship between the physical aspects of stimuli and our psychological experience of them
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Sensing the World Around UsSensing the World Around Us
Absolute thresholdThe smallest intensity of a stimulus that must be present for it to be detected
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Sensing the World Sensing the World Around UsAround Us
NoiseBackground stimulation that interferes with the perception of other stimuli
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Noticing Distinctions Between Noticing Distinctions Between StimuliStimuli
“just-noticeable difference”
The smallest level of stimulation required to sense that a change in stimulation has occurred
Weber’s lawBasic law of psychophysics that states “a just noticeable difference is a constant proportion of the intensity of an initial stimulus
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An adjustment in An adjustment in sensory sensory capacity capacity following following prolonged prolonged exposure to exposure to stimulistimuli
Sensory Adaptation
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Vision: Structure of The EyeVision: Structure of The Eye
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Vision: Reaching the RetinaVision: Reaching the Retina
Rods are thin, cylindricalreceptor cells highly sensitive
to light
Cones are light-sensitivereceptor cells responsible for
sharp focus and color perception, particularly in bright light
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Cells of the EyeCells of the Eye
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Vision: Sending the Message Vision: Sending the Message From the Eye to the BrainFrom the Eye to the Brain
Bipolar cellsReceive information directly from rods and cones and then communicates this information to ganglion cells
Ganglion cells Collect and summarize visual information, which is gathered and moved out of the back of the eyeball through a bundle of ganglion axons called the optic nerve
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Do You Have a Blind Spot?
• (Everyone does! Close your right eye & stare at the X with your left eye, & then slowly move your head toward the screen. The worm will disappear!)
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Vision: Processing the Visual Vision: Processing the Visual MessageMessage
Optic chiasmJuncture where the optic nerves of both eyes meet and then split
Feature detectionSome neurons in the cortex are activated only by visual stimuli of a particular shape or pattern
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Color Vision and Color Color Vision and Color BlindnessBlindness
Trichromatic theory of color vision
Suggests that there are three kinds of cones in the retina, each of which responds primarily to a specific range of wavelengths
Opponent-process theory of color vision
Proposes that receptor cells are linked in pairs, working in opposition to each other
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The Opponent-process The Opponent-process theory of color visiontheory of color vision
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Hearing: Sensing SoundHearing: Sensing Sound
SoundThe movement of air molecules brought about by the vibration of an object
EardrumThe part of the ear
that vibrates when sound waves hit it
Middle earTiny chamber containing three
bones (stirrup, anvil, and hammer) that acts as a tiny mechanical amplifier
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Hearing: Sensing SoundHearing: Sensing Sound
CochleaCoiled tube that looks
something like a snail and is filled with fluid that can vibrate in response to sound
Basilar membraneStructure that runs
through the center of the cochlea, dividing it into an upper and lower chamber
Hair cellsTiny cells
located on the basilar membrane that are bent by the vibrations entering the cochlea and transmit a neural message
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Hearing: Physical Hearing: Physical Aspects of SoundAspects of Sound
FrequencyNumber of wave cycles that occur in a second
PitchCharacteristic of the sound that makes sound high or low
AmplitudeFeature of wave patterns that allows us to distinguish between loud and soft sounds
DecibelsMeasurement of the intensity of the sound within our range of hearing
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Hearing: Sorting Out Theories of Hearing: Sorting Out Theories of SoundSound
Place Theory of HearingDifferent areas of the basilar membrane respond to different frequencies
Frequency Theory of Hearing
The entire basilar membrane acts like a microphone, vibrating as a whole in response to a sound
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BalanceBalanceSemicircular canals
Structures of the inner ear consisting of three tubes containing fluid that sloshes through them when the head moves, signaling rotational or angular movement of the brain
OtolithsTiny, motion-sensitive crystals that sense bodily acceleration and gravity within the semicircular canals
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SmellSmell
Olfaction◦ Can detect more than 10,000
different smells◦ Can identify gender by smell◦ Can evoke memories
Olfactory cellsReceptor cells of the nose
PheromonesPollen-like chemicals that are
released by non-humans that have an effect on other’s behavior
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Taste: GustationTaste: Gustation
Taste buds◦Receptor cells located
within the tongue, as well as other parts of the mouth and throat
◦Constantly reproduce every 10 days
◦“Supertasters” v “Nontasters”
Bitter
Sour
Salty
Sweet and Fatty
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The Skin SensesThe Skin Senses
Touch, pressure, temperature, and pain
Gate-Control Theory of pain
Particular nerve receptors in the spinal cord lead to specific areas of the brain related to pain
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Managing PainManaging Pain
Strategies to fight pain
◦Medication◦Nerve and Brain stimulation◦Light therapy◦Hypnosis◦Biofeedback and Relaxation Techniques◦Surgery◦Cognitive Restructuring
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Gestalt Laws of OrganizationGestalt Laws of Organization
FigureThe object being perceived
GroundThe background or spaces within the object
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The Gestalt Laws of The Gestalt Laws of OrganizationOrganization
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Organization: Gestalt Principles
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Perceptual OrganizationPerceptual Organization
n Feature Analysis An approach that considers how we perceive a An approach that considers how we perceive a
shape, shape, pattern, object, or scene by reacting first to the pattern, object, or scene by reacting first to the individual individual elements that make it upelements that make it up
Top-down processingPerception that is guided by higher-level knowledge, experience, expectations, and motivations
Bottom-up processingPerception that consists of recognizing and processing information about the individual components of the stimuli
Perceptual constancyPhenomena in which physical objects are perceived as unvarying and consistent, despite changes
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• Depth Perception: ability to perceive three dimensional space & accurately judge distance
Organization: Depth Perception
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Perceptual Organization: Perceptual Organization: Depth PerceptionDepth Perception
Binocular disparityThe ability of the brain to integrate the two images received from the eyes into one composite view
Monocular cuesCues that allow us to obtain a sense of depth and distance with just one eye
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Binocular Cues: Retinal disparity (left) & Convergence (right)
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• Do you see the cow?
Understanding Perception
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• Now do you see the cow?
Understanding Perception
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Perception: Outer Perception: Outer LimitsLimits
Subliminal perceptionThe perception of messages about which we have no awareness
Extrasensory perception (ESP)