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Chapter 4 – The Spread of Islam
Section NotesEarly ExpansionMuslim EmpiresCultural Achievements
VideoIslamic Traditions and the World Today
History Close-upThe Blue Mosque
ImagesThe City of CórdobaIslamic AchievementsIslamic Achievements (continued)
Quick FactsChapter 4 Visual Summary
MapsEarly Muslim ConquestsTrade in the Muslim WorldThe City of CórdobaThe Ottoman EmpireThe Safavid EmpireThe Mughal Empire
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7.2.47.2.5
Early Expansion
The Big Idea
Conquest and trade led to the spread of Islam, the blending of cultures, and the growth of cities.
Main Ideas
• Muslim armies conquered many lands into which Islam slowly spread.
• Trade helped Islam spread into new areas.
• A mix of cultures was one result of Islam’s spread.
• Islamic influence encouraged the growth of cities.
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Main Idea 1: Muslim armies conquered many lands into
which Islam slowly spread.
• After Muhammad’s death, Abu Bakr became the first caliph, the title that Muslims use for the highest leader of Islam.
• Caliphs were not religious leaders, but political and military leaders.
• Abu Bakr directed a series of battles against Arab tribes who did not follow Muhammad’s teachings.
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Growth of the Empire
• Muslim armies battled tribes that did not follow Muhammad’s teachings.
• The Muslim armies united Arabia, then defeated the Persian and Byzantine empires.
• After years of fighting Muslim armies, many Berbers, a native people of North Africa, converted to Islam and joined forces with the Arabs.
• A combined Berber and Arab army invaded Spain and conquered it in AD 711.
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Main Idea 2:Trade helped Islam
spread into new areas.
• Along with their trade goods, Arab merchants took Islamic beliefs to new lands.
• Islam spread to India, Africa, Malaysia, and Indonesia.
• Trade also brought new products to Muslim lands and made many people rich.
– Travelers learned how to make paper from the Chinese.
– Merchants brought crops of cotton, rice, and oranges from India, China, and Southeast Asia.
– Muslim merchants set up trade businesses in Africa.
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Main Idea 3: A mix of cultures was one result
of Islam’s spread.
• As Islam spread through trade, warfare, and treaties, Arabs came into contact with people who had different beliefs and lifestyles.
• Language and religion helped unify many groups that became part of the Islamic world.
• Muslims generally practiced tolerance, or acceptance, with regard to these people.
• Jews and Christians in particular could keep their beliefs.
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Main Idea 4: Islamic influence encouraged the growth of
cities.
• Baghdad
• Capital of Islamic Empire
• Located near land and water trade routes
• Walled city
• Built hospitals, observatories, and a library that was used as a university
• Cordoba
• Capital of what is now Spain
• Strong economy based on agriculture and trade
• By the AD 900s, was the largest and most advanced city in Europe
• Great center of learning
• Also a center of Jewish culture
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7.2.4Muslim Empires
The Big Idea
After the early spread of Islam, three large Islamic empires formed—the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal.
Main Ideas
• The Ottoman Empire covered a large area in eastern Europe.
• The Safavid Empire blended Persian cultural traditions with Shia Islam.
• The Mughal Empire in India left an impressive cultural heritage.
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Main Idea 1:Muslims ruled the Ottoman Empire, which
was a political and cultural force.
• The Ottomans were aided by slave soldiers called Janissaries.
• They had new gunpowder weapons, such as the cannon.
• Mehmed II and Suleyman I led conquests that turned the Ottomans into a world power.
• During Suleyman’s rule, the Ottoman Empire reached its cultural peak.
– Poets wrote beautiful works.
– Architects turned Istanbul into a Muslim city.
• Women had limited freedom.
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Ottoman Government and Society
• The sultan, or Ottoman ruler, issued laws and made all major decisions in the empire.
• Ottoman society was divided into two classes.
– Judges and people who advised the sultan were part of the ruling class.
– Those who didn’t fit into the ruling class made up the other class. Many of these were Christians or Jews from lands the Ottomans had conquered.
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Main Idea 2: The Safavid Empire blended Persian cultural
traditions with Shia Islam.
• A conflict arose over who should be caliph.
• Islam split into two groups.
– The Shia thought that only members of Muhammad’s family could become caliphs.
– The Sunni thought it did not matter as long as they were good Muslims and strong leaders.
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The Safavid Empire
• The Safavid Empire began when the Safavid leader Esma’il conquered Persia and made himself shah, or king.
• He made Shiism the official religion of the empire.
• The Safavids blended Persian and Muslim traditions.
• The manufacturing of traditional products, such as handwoven carpets, silk, and velvet, was encouraged.
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Main Idea 3:The Mughal Empire in India left an
impressive cultural heritage.
• Babur established the Mughal Empire, but it grew mostly under an emperor named Akbar.
• Akbar’s tolerant policies helped unify the empire.
• A conflict of cultures led to the end of this empire, but resulted in a culture unique to the Mughal Empire.
• Cultures that blended in the empire included
– Muslims
– Hindus
– Persians
– Indians
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7.2.6Cultural Achievements
The Big Idea
Muslim scholars and artists made contributions to science, art, and literature.
Main Ideas
• Muslim scholars made advances in various fields of science and philosophy.
• Islam influenced styles of literature and the arts.
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Main Idea 1: Muslim scholars made advances in various
fields of science and philosophy.
• Muslim scholars made advances in astronomy, geography, math, and science.
• Many ancient writings were translated into Arabic.
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Cultural Achievements
• Geography
– Geographers made more accurate maps than before, mostly due to the contributions of al-Idrisi.
• Math
– The Muslim mathematician al-Khwarizmi laid the foundations for modern algebra.
• Astronomy
– They made improvements to the astrolabe, which the Greeks had invented to chart the positions of the stars.
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More Scholarly Advances
• Medicine
– The Muslims’ greatest scientific achievements may have come in medicine.
– A doctor named Ar-Razi discovered how to diagnose and treat the deadly disease smallpox.
• Philosophy
– The Muslim philosophy focused on spiritual issues, which led to a movement called Sufism.
– Sufism teaches that people can find God’s love by having a personal relationship with God.
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Main Idea 2:Islam influenced styles of literature
and the arts.
• Literature
– Two forms of literature were popular in the Muslim world—poetry and short stories.
• Architecture
– The greatest architectural achievements were mosques. They often had a dome and minarets—narrow towers from which Muslims are called to prayer.
– Patrons, or sponsors, used their wealth to pay for elaborately decorated mosques.
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More Islamic Influences
• Art
– Because they could not represent people or animals in paintings due to their religion, Muslim artists turned calligraphy, or decorative writing, into an art form.
– They used this technique to decorate buildings and mosques.
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