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CHAPTER 5: APPENDICULAR SKELETON
Anatomy & Physiology
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Appendicular Skeleton
Composed of 126 bones Limbs (appendages) Pectoral girdle Pelvic girdle
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The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle Composed of two
bones Clavicle—
collarbone Scapula—
shoulder blade These bones
allow the upper limb to be freely movable
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Bones of the Shoulder Girdle
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Bones of the Shoulder Girdle
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Bones of the Upper Limbs
Humerus Forms the arm Single bone
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Bones of the Upper Limbs
The forearm has two bones Ulna
Medial bone in anatomical position
Radius Lateral bone in
anatomical position
(*think on thumb side and you use your thumb to turn the RADIo off)
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Bones of the Upper Limbs
The hand Carpals—wrist
*Think: S L T P T T C H
Metacarpals—palm Phalanges—fingers
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Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
Formed by two coxal (ossa coxae) bones
Composed of three pairs of fused bones Ilium Ischium Pubis
The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis
It protects several organs Reproductive
organs Urinary bladder Part of the large
intestine
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Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
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The Pelvis: Right Coxal Bone
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Gender Differences of the Pelvis The Female Pelvis:
inlet is larger and more circular as a whole is shallower, and the bones are
lighter and thinner ilia flare more laterally sacrum is shorter and less curved ischial spines are shorter and farther apart;
thus the outlet is larger pubic arch is more rounded because the
angle of the pubic arch is greater
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Gender Differences of the Pelvis
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Bones of the Lower Limbs
The thigh has one bone Femur
The heaviest, strongest bone in the body
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Bones of the Lower Limbs
The lower leg has two bones Tibia
Shinbone Larger and
medially oriented Fibula
Thin and sticklike Non-
weightbearing bone
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Bones of the Lower Limbs
The foot Tarsals
Two largest tarsals Calcaneus
(heelbone) Talus
Metatarsals—sole Phalanges—toes
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Arches of the Foot
Bones of the foot are arranged to form three strong arches Two longitudinal One transverse
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Joints
Articulations of bones Functions:
Hold bones together Allow for mobility
Ways joints are classified: Functionally Structurally
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Functional Classification of Joints Synarthroses
Immovable joints i.e. skull sutures
Amphiarthroses Slightly moveable joints
i.e. joints between vertebrae Diarthroses
Freely moveable joints i.e. glenohumeral joint
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Structural Classification of Joints Fibrous joints
Generally immovable Joints united with fibrous tissue i.e. sutures in skull
Cartilaginous joints Immovable or slightly moveable
i.e. pubic symphysis or intervertebral joints Synovial joints
Freely moveable Joints surrounded by a cavity filled with synovial fluid
i.e. knee joint, hip joint
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Summary of Joint Classes
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Synovial Joints
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Characteristics of Synovial Joints Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage)
covers the ends of bones A fibrous articular capsule encloses joint
surfaces A joint cavity is filled with synovial fluid Ligaments reinforce the joint
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Structures Associated with the Synovial Joint
Bursae—flattened fibrous sacs Lined with synovial
membranes Filled with synovial
fluid Not actually part of
the joint Tendon sheath
Elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon
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Types of Synovial Joints
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Types of Synovial Joints
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Inflammatory Conditions Associated with Joints
Bursitis—inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction
Tendonitis—inflammation of tendon sheaths
Arthritis—inflammatory or degenerative diseases of joints Over 100 different types The most widespread crippling disease in
the United States
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Clinical Forms of Arthritis
Osteoarthritis Most common chronic
arthritis Probably related to
normal aging processes Rheumatoid arthritis
An autoimmune disease—the immune system attacks the joints
Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain joints
Often leads to deformities
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Clinical Forms of Arthritis
Gouty arthritis Inflammation of
joints is caused by a deposition of uric acid crystals from the blood
Can usually be controlled with diet
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Skeletal Changes Throughout Life Adolescence
Epiphyseal plates become ossified and long bone growth ends
Size of cranium in relationship to body 2 years old—skull is larger
in proportion to the body compared to that of an adult
8 or 9 years old—skull is near adult size and proportion
Between ages 6 and 11, the face grows out from the skull
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Skeletal Changes Throughout Life
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Skeletal Changes Throughout Life Osteoporosis
Bone-thinning disease afflicting 50% of women over age 65 20% of men over age 70
Disease makes bones fragile and bones can easily fracture
Vertebral collapse results in kyphosis (also known as dowager’s hump)
Estrogen aids in health and normal density of a female skeleton
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