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Dr. Marwa Abdel Mohsen
WordFormationProcesses
1. Borrowing
2. Compounding
• Blending
3. Clipping
• Hypocorisms
• Backformation
4. Conversion
5. Coinage
•Acronyms
6. Derivation
• Prefixes,suffixes,andinfixes
Dr. Marwa Abdel Mohsen
Borrowing• Oneofthemostcommonsourcesofnewwords.
• ExamplesofEnglishborrowingfromother
languages:
• Piano(Italian)
• Yogurt(Turkish)
• Alcohol(Arabic)
• Croissant(French)
• FromEnglishtootherlanguages:
• Suupaamaaketto/sport/klub/futbal
Dr. Marwa Abdel Mohsen
Borrowing
Loan-translation(Calque)
Adirecttranslationofthewordintothe
borrowinglanguage.
Skyscraper
Lehnwort
Gratteciel(Fr)/wolkenkrabber(Dutch)/wolkenkratzer(Gr)
Loan-word
Dr. Marwa Abdel Mohsen
• Thecombinationoftwoseparateformstoproduceasingle
newterm.
• Takingthebeginningofonewordandjoiningittotheend
ofanother.
• smoke/fog
• Binary/digit
• Teleprinter/exchange
• Information/entertainment
SMOG
BIT
TELEX
INFOTAINMENT
Blending
Dr. Marwa Abdel Mohsen
Clipping
Hypocorisms
Awordreducedtoasinglesyllable,yorieisaddedtotheend
telly(television)
movie(movingpictures)
bookie(bookmaker)
Dr. Marwa Abdel Mohsen
Clipping
Backformation• Aspecializedtypeofreduction
• Awordofonetype(usuallyanoun)isreducedtoformawordofanothertype(usuallyaverb)
DonateDonation
BackformBackformation
BabysitBabysitter
Dr. Marwa Abdel Mohsen
Verbsasnouns:amust/aguess/aspyPhrasalverbsasnouns:Aprintout/atakeover
Verbsasadjectives:See-throughmaterial/astand-upcomedianAdjectivesasverbs:todirty/toempty
Prepositionsasverbs:They’regoingtoupthepriceofoil./Wedownedtheprices.
Conversion
Dr. Marwa Abdel Mohsen
• Theinventionoftotallynewtermsforcommercialproductsthatbecomegeneralterms.
• Olderexamples:aspirin,nylon,Vaseline
• Newerexamples:Kleenex,Xerox,Google
Coinage
Dr. Marwa Abdel Mohsen
Derivation• Themostcommonword-formation
process.
• Linkingaffixestowords
• Affixesareprefixes&suffixes&infixes.
• Prefixes: beginning of words & change the meaning (un+happy=unhappy).
• Suffixes: end of words & change the word class (happy+ly=happily).