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Section 3: Simple Machines
Chapter 5: Work and Machines
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Learning GoalsDescribe the six types of simple machines.
Explain how the different types of simple machines make work easier.
Calculate mechanical advantage.
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Simple MachinesSimple Machine: a machine that does work with only one movement of the machine.
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LeverLever: a rigid bar that rotates around a fixed point called the fulcrum. The bar may be either independent or attached to another object.
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LeverIn use, a lever has both an input force and an output force.
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Input Force
Output
Force
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Lever First Class Lever:
fulcrum is in the middle of the input and output forces MA may be greater or
less than 1
Ex: scissors, see-saw, crowbar
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Input Force
Output
Force
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Lever Second Class Lever:
output force is in-between the input force and the fulcrum. MA is always greater than
1
Ex: wheelbarrow, nut cracker, bottle opener
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Input Force
Output
Force
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Lever Third Class Lever:
input force is in-between the output force and the fulcrum. MA is always less than
1
Ex: tweezers, staple remover, broom
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PulleyPulley: a machine that consists of a wheel that turns freely in a frame called a block.
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PulleyA pulley can be used to change the direction of a force or to increase input force depending on how the pulley is arranged.
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Fixed PulleyFixed Pulley: changes the direction of a force; however it does not create a mechanical advantage. Example: Elevator
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Moveable PulleyA single moveable pulley creates a mechanical advantage; however it does not change the direction of a force.
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Moveable PulleyThe mechanical advantage of a moveable pulley is equal to the ropes that support the moveable pulley.
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Wheel and AxleWheel and Axle: a simple machine consisting of a larger wheel rigidly secured to a smaller wheel or shaft, called an axle.
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Wheel and AxleWhen either the wheel or axle turns, the other rotates with it. One full revolution of either part causes one full revolution of the other part.
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Wheel and AxleExamples:
Pencil sharpener
Door knob
Faucet handles
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Inclined PlaneInclined plane: is a sloping surface
that reduces the amount of force required to do work by increasing the distance over which work is done. The inclined plane makes it easier to
move a weight from a low height to a high height.
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WedgeWedge: an inclined plane that has one or two sloping sides. It changes the direction of the input force.
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WedgeExamples:
Knife/ax
Door stopper
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ScrewScrew: an inclined plane wrapped in a spiral around a post. The threads form a tiny ramp that run upward from its end.
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ScrewExample:
Many types of lids
Screws
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Compound MachinesTwo or more simple machines operating together.