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Chapter 6Cartilage and Bone
Prof. Zhou LiDept. of Histology and Embryology
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Ⅰ. Cartilage
Being composed of cartilage tissue and perichondrium
Cartilage tissue :chondrocytes and cartilage matrix (ground substance and fibers)
Avascularity
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1.1 Cartilage tissue(1) Chondrocytes
LM: young and mature chondrocyte , round nucleus and basophilic cytoplasm, isogenous, located in cartilage lacunae
EM: well-developed RER, Golgi complex
Function: producing of cartilage matrix ( including fibers and ground substance)
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(2)Cartilage matrix
Ground substance and fibersa. Proteoglycan and water
( molecular sieve)more chondroitin sulfatecartilage capsule
b. Different fibers
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Types of cartilage
1. Hyaline cartilagecontribution:feature of cartilage matrix:Collagenous fibrils and more waterFunction:
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Hyaline cartilage
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1.2 Perichondrium
Dense connective tissuethe outer zone:more fibers,less cells
and blood vessles, protection function
The inner zone:loose,less fibers,more osteogenic cells and blood vessles
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2. Elastic cartilagecontribution:the characters:elastic fibers in ground
substancemore elasticity
3. Fibrous cartilagecontribution:
characters:large number of collagenous fibers in ground substance, smaller chondrocytesarranged in rows
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Elastic cartilage and fibrous cartilage
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1.3Growth of cartilageOrigin: mesenchyme
(1) appositional growthOsteogenic cell→ chondroblast→chondrocyte →producing cartilage matrix
(2) Interstitial growth Histoengineering: Human ear 聚乙醇酸
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Ⅱ.BoneBone: osseous tissue
periosteumbone marrow
1. Osseous tissuebeing composed of 4 kinds of cells and calcified intercellular substance(bone matrix)
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1.1 Bone matrix(1) Organic matter: collagen fibers
and ground substance collagen fiber: typeⅠ collagen ground substance: proteoglycan
(2)Inorganic component:So called bone salt (65%)hydroxyapatite crystals (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2)
(羟基磷灰石结晶)
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Osteoid, calcificationBone lamellaCompact bone Bone trabeculaSpongy bone
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1.2 The cells of osseous tissue(1)Osteoprogenitor cell (osteogenic cell)Distribution: located in periosteumosteogenic cell osteoblast osteocyte
chondroblast chondrocyte(2) OsteoblastDistribution: arrange as an epithelioid layer on the
surface of the new bone tissue
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Osteoblast (model)
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Spongy bone and osteoblast(LM)
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Osteoblast(TEM)
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LM: cuboidal or columnar shape, strong basophilic cells
EM: well-developed RER and Golgi complexmatrix vesicles
Function: synthesis of osteoid (newly-formed, uncalcified bone matrix)producing cytokines
osteoblast osteocytes
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(3) Osteocyte
Distribution:single spread in bone lamelaand between bone lamela
LM: smaller ovoid shape, fine processes of cell, acidophilic cytoplasm
EM: The body of osteocytes is embedded in bone lacuna, and the processes are located in bone canaliculus and connect with each other via gap junction, Less organelles.
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Osteocyte
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Osteocyte(TEM)
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(4)OsteoclastDistribution:resorption bay
LM:very large, many nuclei, acidophilic cytoplasm (origin: monocyte)
EM: ruffled border, numerous lysosomes and mitochondria
microfilaments in the clear zone
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Osteoclast(LM)
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Osteoclast (TEM, model)
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Osteoclast(TEM)
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Function: secreting hydrolytic enzyme and organic acid to resolve the organic matter and bone salt.
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Ⅱ. Structure of long bone
Diaphysis and osteoepiphysis1. Diaphysis
(1) Circumferential lamellae(2) Osteon (Haversian system)
central canal and Haversian lamella, bone canaliculus and bone lacuna
(3) Interstitial lamella ,cement line
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Compact bone of long bone (model)
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Compact bone
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Perforating canal(LM)
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Osteon(model)
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osteon(LM)
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Bone lacuna and canaliculus
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Interstitial lamela (model)
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2. OsteoepiphysisDistribution: ending of long boneSpongy boneamount as needles or fragments bone
trabeculastructure of bone trabecula :a few
layers of bone lamella and osteocytes
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Osteoepiphysis
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Outer layer of periosteum:DCT, perforating fiber
Inner layer: LCT, blood vessel, nerve and osteogenic cells
Function: nutrition and reparation Endosteum: a layer osteogenic cells
and thin connective tissue
3. Periosteum and endosteum
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1. Basic process of osteogenesisosteogenic cell→ osteoblast → osteoid
↓ calcificationmesenchyme osteocyte + bone matrix
↓bone tissue
dissolve and reconstruction
osteoclast
Ⅲ.Osteogenesis
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Mesenchyme CT membraneosteogenic cells ossification center
2. Intramembrane ossification
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3. Endochondral ossification(1)Formation of cartilage model(2) Formation of bone collar(3)Formation of primary ossification
center and cavity of bone marrow
(4)Formation of secondary ossification center and osteoepiphysis
Epiphyseal plate
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Intrachondral ossification(model)
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reserve cartilage zone
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proliferating and calcifying cartilage zone
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ossification zone
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Increasing long① reserve cartilage zone② proliferating cartilage zone ③ calcifying cartilage zone④ ossification zone
Growth of long bone
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Thicken of long boneosteogenic cell in peristeum → osteoblast→ → osteoid → bone matrix
osteocyte
bone tissue
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Periosteum(HE)