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Chapter 6
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Lesson 1
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Do NowRead I.C.E “Broken Bones”Answer:
1. List and describe 3 types of fracture. 2. When should fracture be suspected?3. Describe the 4 steps of bone repair
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Functions of the SkeletonSupportProtectionProduce blood cells in the red marrow
All fetal bones have red marrow, only certain adult bones have red marrow
Store minerals and fat Ca, P, yellow marrow)
Movement
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Types of BonesLong: longer than wideShort: cubeFlat Irregular: round
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Long BonesPeriosteum
Continuous with ligaments and tendons Connective tissue covering Protection Blood vessels
Epiphysis: expanded portions at ends of the boneDiaphysis: between epiphysesMedullary cavity
Inside shaft (diaphysis) Stores yellow marrow (fat)
Articular cartilage: hyaline where bones meet at a joint
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In class assignmentExercise 5.2 worksheet
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HomeworkText pg. 125-126 “Study Questions” # 1-5
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Lesson 2
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Do NowLabel the Diagram in your notebooks.Take out homework from last nightTake out Worksheet Exercise 5.2
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Red Bone MarrowFound in long bonesSite of hematopoiesis: red blood cell (RBC) formationLocation:
Skull Ribs Sternum Vertebrae Ends of long bones
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Compact/Cortical BoneDense, outer surface of the bone
Osteocytes: bone cells
Canaliculi: bring O2 and nutrients to osteocytes
Central canal Contains blood vessels and nerves Connect osteocytes
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Spongy BoneCancellous LighterCompactStrongCan withstand stress
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Bone GrowthOsteoprogenitor: unspecialized cellsOsteoblasts: Build/form bonesOsteocytes: mature bone cellsOsteoclasts
Found in red bone marrow Break down bone to be reabsorbed into the
bloodstream
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OssificationFormation of boneIntramembranous: bone develops between
fibrous connective tissue Ex: skull
Endochrondral: cartilage breaks down and lays down spongy bone which thickens and becomes compact
Epiphyseal plate band of cartilage between primary and secondary
ossification sites Rate of growth is controlled by hormones When the plates close growth stops
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In class assignmentLong bone worksheet
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Lesson 3
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Do NowChapter 21 Study guide worksheet
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Axial AppendicularCranium (head)Vertebrae (spinal
column)Thoracic bones
(ribs)
Upper limbsPelvis (hip bone)Lower limbs
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CraniumImmovable joints6 bones
1 frontal 2 parietal 1 Occipital 2 temporal
Newborns have fontanels which are not fused
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Frontal: forehead, nose, eyesockets
Parietal: sides of head
Occipital: posterior of skull Foramen magnum: hole for
spinal cord Occiptal condyle: rounded on
sides of foramen magnum Attaches to c1
Temporal: inferior to parietal
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Temporal External acoustic
meatus: ear canal Mandibular fossa: meets
jaw Mastoid process: attaches
to neck muscles Styloid process: attaches
tongue and larynx Zygomatic process:
cheekbone Sphenoid bone: floor of
cranium near eyes, butterfly shape
Sella turcica: pituitary gland depression
Ethmoid bone: anterior to sphenoid, floor of cranium, forms nasal cavity
Crista galli: triangle attachment for brain membranes
Cribriform plate: holes for nerves and nose sensors
Perpendicular plate: forms superior nasal septum
Superior middle nasal conchae: increases nasal cavity, attaches nasal mucous membranes
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In class assignmentLabeling diagrams
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HomeworkText pg. 126 “Study Questions” # 6
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Lesson 4
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Do NowVideo: The Skull
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Facial Bones2 Maxillae: upper jaw
Palantine process: roof of mouth
Alveolar process: tooth sockets
2 Zygomatic bones: Cheekbones Zygomatic arch
2 Lacrimal bones: Between the eyes/nose Holes for tear ducts
2 Nasal Bones: Bridge of nose Cartilage
Vomer bone: inferior position of nasal
septum Joins ethmoid bone and
perpendicular plate2 Inferior nasal conchae:
Lateral walls of nasal cavity
Mandible: lower jaw/chin Mandibular condyle:
attaches to temporal bone Coronoid process:
chewing muscle attachment
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Hyoid BoneSuperior to larynxDoes not articulate with any other boneSuspended Anchors tongue and swallowing muscles
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In class assignmentSkull labeling diagrams
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HomeworkTest Items worksheet
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Cranium QuizPracticum and Written
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Lesson 5
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Do NowVideo: The Vertebral Column
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Vertebral ColumnProtects spinal cordSkull to pelvis~33 bones
7 cervical (neck) C1: atlas C2: axis
12 thoracic (chest)5 lumbar (low back)5 fused sacral3-5 fused coccyx
(tailbone)
1 curve in the fetusCervical curve forms
3-4 months after birth
Curves provide support
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Disorders of the SpineKyphosisLordosisScoliosis
When do these abnormalities occur? Where? What can be don’t to correct?
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Intervertebral DisksCartilage disks found between vertebral
bonesPrevent grindingShock absorptionAllow flexion/extension/lateral movements
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Herniated DiskSlip or rupture of the
cartilaginous diskCan press on the
spinal nerves and cause pain
Treatment:Repair Removal – vertebrae
are fused together and provide substantially less range of motion
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Vertebral StructuresVertebrae are small at
the top of the spineWhy?
Vertebrae are larger at the bottom of the spineWhy?
Foramen: hole for the spinal cord to pass from the brain
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In class assignmentVertebrae Worksheet
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HomeworkComplete worksheet
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Vertebral Column QuizWritten and Practical
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Lesson 6
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Do NowTake out and Check Answers to the
homework sheet
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Atlas and Axis2 special cervical vertebraeC1 and C2Atlas: supports and balances the head
(nodding)Axis: allows shaking of the head (no)
Odontoid process connects it to the atlas
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Rib CageProtective (heart/lungs)Flexible (breathing)12 pairs (24 total)Connect to thoracic
vertebrae“True ribs”: first 7 pairs
which connect to the sternum by costal cartilage
“False ribs”: 5 pairs which do not attach to the sternum
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SternumBreastbone3 bones:
1. Manubrium (superior) ribs 1-22. Body (Middle/largest) ribs 3-73. Xiphoid (inferior/smallest) no ribs
- attaches to diaphragm- separates thoracic and
abdominal cavities- site for CPR
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In class assignmentThoracic Labeling Diagrams
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/classware/ala.do?isbn=0072829532&alaid=ala_733424&showSelfStudyTree=true
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HomeworkText pg 126 “Study Questions” # 9
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Thoracic and Pelvic Girdle Quiz
Written and Practical
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Lesson 7
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Do NowTake out Homework From last night
Name the 3 parts of the sternum
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ClavicleCollarboneSlender“s” shapedArticulates with
manubrium and sternum
Weak
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ScapulaStructures
Shoulder bladesBroadFlexibleNot connected
SpineAcromion process:
articulates with clavicle Attaches arm and chest
muscles
Coracoid process Attaches arm and chest
muscles
Glenoid cavity Articulates with humerus
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HumerusProximal End
Distal End
Head: Articulates withglenoid cavity of scapula
Greater and lesser tubercles:
Attach muscles to move the arm and shoulder
Intertubercular groove: Holds biceps brachii
Deltoid tuberosity: Attaches deltoid
Capitulum: Lateral condyle articulates
with the radial head
Trochlea: Condyle articulates with
the ulna
Coronoid fossa: Depression for ulna
during flexion
Olecranon fossa: Depression for ulna
during extension
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RadiusProximal End Distal EndHead:
Articulates with capitulum of humerus and ulna
Radial tuberosity:
Attaches biceps brachii
Ulnar notch:Articulates
with the head of the ulna
Styloid process:Attaches
wrist ligaments
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UlnaProximal End
Distal End
Coronoid process: Articulates with the
coronoid fossa of the humerus during flexion
Olecranon process: Articulates with the
olecranon process of the humerus during extension
Trochlear notch: Articulates with the
troclear notch of the humerus
Radial notch: Articulates with the head
of the radius
Head: Articulates with the
ulnar notch of the radius
Styloid process: Attaches wrist ligaments
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Carpals 8 bones
ScaphoidLunateTriquetrumPisiformHamateCapitateTrapezoidTrapezium
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Metacarpals5 bones – 1-5 from the
thumbThumb:
1st metacarpal Can touch all fingers
Metacarpal heads are visible when the fist is clenches
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PhalangesThumb:
2 bones (proximal, distal)
4 fingers: 3 bones (proximal, medial,
distal)
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In class assignmentUpper Limb Labeling Diagrams
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/classware/ala.do?isbn=0072829532&alaid=ala_733424&showSelfStudyTree=true
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HomeworkText pg. 126”Study Questions” # 10 & 11