Chapter 7. Circular Motion and Gravitation
7.4.1. Describing Angular Motion
Describing Angular Motion
β’ Objects that rotate move in a circular path around a center of rotation.
β’ To gain a better understanding of rotational motion, we begin by considering the position, speed, and acceleration of a rotating object.
β’ Read Holt Physics p 898-903
Β© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Describing Angular MotionAs a wheel rotates, every point on the wheel moves in a circular path around the axle, which is the axis of rotation. The angular position of the red dot is the angle π that it makes with respect to a reference line π = 0, which indicates how far the dot has rotated.
Β© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
The common convention is that positive angles are counterclockwise from the reference line, and negative angles are clockwise.
Arc Length
How can one compute the distance that a rotating particle travels?
The arc length is equal to the radius times the angle moved in radians:
π = π β π rad
Angle Unit ComparisionOne revolution = 1 rev = 360 degrees = 360β°
= 2Ο radians = 2 Ο rad
1 rad β 57.3 β°
The radian is actually dimensionless, since
it is a ratio of lengths, π = π π .nevertheless the
unit βradβ is often specified to indicate it is not deg or rev.
Example 1
A bike wheel rotates 4.50 revolutions.
(a) How many radians has it rotated?
4.50 rev2π rad
1 rev= 28.3 rad
(b) How many degrees is that?
4.50 rev360Β°
1 rev= 1620Β°
Angular Displacement and Velocity
The angular displacement is the change in angular position (i.e. angle), βπ = ππ β ππ.
The angular velocity is
π =βπ
βπ‘
SI units: rad/s = s-1
Note every point on the wheel moves at the same π.
Sign of Angular Velocity
For counterclockwise rotation, π = βπ βπ‘ > 0.
For clockwise rotation, π < 0.
The magnitude of the angular velocity is the angular speed.
Every particle in the rotating object has the same π.
Example 2
An LP phonograph record rotates clockwise at 33β rpm (revolutions per minute). What is its angular velocity in radians per second?
π = β3313
rev
min
2π rad
rev
1 min
60 s
= β3.49 rad/s
Tangential Speed
The speed in m/s at which a rotating point is moving is the arc length per unit time:
π£π‘ =π
βπ‘=ππ
βπ‘= ππ
π£π‘ is called the tangential speed, because at any instant its direction is tangential to the circular path. Thus linear speed π£π‘ in m/s and angular speed π in rad/s are directly related through π.
Example 3
Do children side-by-side on a merry-go-round have the same angular velocity or tangential speed?
They have the same angular velocity but different tangential speeds (π£π‘ = ππ).
Angular Acceleration
Angular acceleration is defined as the change in angular velocity per unit time:
πΌ =βπ
βπ‘SI Units: rad/s2 = s-2.
The sign of πΌ may differ from the sign of π. If they have the same sign, the magnitude of π is increasing.
Example 4
As the wind dies, a windmill that was rotating at 2.1 rad/s begins to slow down with a constant angular acceleration of -0.45 rad/s2. How much time does it take for the windmill to come to a complete stop?
πΌ =βπ
βπ‘
βπ‘ =βπ
πΌ=ππ βππ
πΌ=0 β 2.1 rad/s
β0.45 rad/s2= 4.7 s
Tangential Acceleration
ππ‘ =βπ£π‘βπ‘
=β(ππ)
βπ‘=πβπ
βπ‘= ππΌ
The tangential acceleration is the
change in tangential speed
per unit time.
SI Units: m/s2
Total Acceleration
The total acceleration of a rotating particle is the sum of its centripetal acceleration (due to change in direction) plus its tangential acceleration:
π£2
π£1
π£2
βπ£1
βπ£
π
ππ‘ππ‘ππ = ππ‘ + πππ
ππ‘ = ππΌπππ = π£π‘
2 π
= ππ 2 π = ππ2
Since ππ‘ and πππ are
perpendicular
ππ‘ππ‘ππ2 = ππ‘
2 + πππ2
Summary of Variables
Property Linear Rotational Relation
Position π₯ = π π π = ππ
Velocity π£π‘ π π£π‘ = ππ
Acceleration ππ‘ πΌ ππ‘ = ππΌ
Linear Equation(a = constant)
Angular Equation(πΆ = constant)
π₯π = π₯π + π£ππ£π‘ ππ = ππ +πππ£π‘
π₯π = π₯π + π£ππ‘ +12ππ‘
2 ππ = ππ + πππ‘ +12πΌπ‘
2
π£π = π£π + ππ‘ ππ = ππ + πΌπ‘
π£ππ£ =12 π£π + π£π πππ£ =
12 ππ + ππ
π£π2 = π£π
2 + 2πβπ₯ ππ2 = ππ
2 + 2πΌβπ