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InvertebratesChapter 7
Classification by Evolutionary RelationshipBy far the most familiar is the frame work created 250 years ago by LinnaeusOrganisms grouped in a taxon show a high degree of similarity2KingdomPhylumClass OrderFamilyGenusSpeciesBinomial nomenclature2Domains of Life
Kingdom Animalia~3 million species, maybe up to 30 million
Eukaryotes:DNA enclosed in nucleus
Heterotrophs:Must consume organic matter to maintain cellular metabolismMetabolism = all the chemical reactions that take place in an organism.
Multicellular (mostly all)
Kingdom Animalia
Kingdom AnimaliaMust eat(no photosynthesis)Kingdom Animalia
MulticellularKingdom AnimaliaNo cell walls
Kingdom AnimaliaSome asexual reproductionKingdom AnimaliaMost Sexual reproduction
Vertebrates3% of animal speciesPhylum Chordata
AmphibiansReptilesFishBirdsMammals
Invertebrates= No Backbone97% of all animal species are invertebratesMost species are MarineEx:
SYMMETRY
13Levels of Cell OrganizationCell Level cells have different functions
Tissue Level cells organize into groups that carry out specific functions.
Organ Level tissues organize into organs which coordinates with other organs to carry out specific processes. Phylum Porifera=Sponges=pore bearing No symmetry = asymmetricalStructurally simplest animalsNo organs or true tissues, cell level, but specialized! Many pores
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Phylum PoriferaSessile =
Suspension Feeders =
Filter feeders = Type of suspension feeder. Water is actively pumped or filtering structures are swept through water-- food particles taken out of water
-Consume plankton and other organic materials
Sponges
Structure: Spicules &SponginSpicules=
Siliceous or Calcerous structuresSupport! Vary in shape and size
Spongin =
Sponge AnatomyOstia (Ostium) =
Osculum=
Pinacocytes=
Porocytes =
Sponge AnatomyChoanocytes/Collar cells =
Amebocytes=
Water Flow in Sponges1.
2.
3.
4.
Sponge form and skeletonsCharacteristicsBranching tubular, volcano -like masses Encrusting sponges are thin brightly colored growths on rocks Glass sponges live anchored in deep water sediments & have siliceous spicules Boring sponges bore thin channels through calcium carbonate such as oysters shells and corals
Some sponges form new individuals after their cells are separated from one another. Asexual ReproductionSponge ReproductionAsexualSexualBudding = parent develops small growths that eventually break off and become separate individuals.
Produce gametes = the reproductive cells.Specialized collar cells or amebocytes turn into gametes Male gamete = sperm, produced by the testes.Female gamete =egg, produced by the ovariesMost hermaphrodites, produce both kinds of gametes.Broadcast spawning, sperm released into water.
Sexual reproduction cont. Early stage of development happens inside spongeEmbryo released into water as planktonic larva and drifts with currents.Settles on bottom and grows into a new sponge
Fig. 7.4Sponge HabitatPoles to the TropicsMost in shallow tropical waters
Sponge UseSome sponges harvested in Gulf of Mexico and eastern MediterraneanThe spongin are the fibers that remain after death of sponge