Download - Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration
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Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration
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Chemical Energy and Food
A calorie is the energy required to raise 1g of water 1˚C– 1g of glucose releases 3811
calories 1 Calorie (capital “C”) on
food labels is actually a kilocalorie (1000 calories)– 1g of glucose releases
3.811 Calories
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Using Chemical Energy
Plants and animals both use glucose for metabolic fuel
Glucose is not directly usable– Must be converted into ATP
first
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Cellular Respiration Overview
Converts glucose into ATP Occurs in both plants and
animals Cellular Respiration
Reaction:– C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
Opposite of photosynthesis- 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
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Glycolysis
Series of reactions which break a 6-carbon glucose molecule into two 3-carbon molecules called pyruvic acid (a.k.a. pyruvate)
Occurs in the cytoplasm
Glucose
to electron transport chain
2 Pyruvate2 G3P
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Glycolysis
Process is ancient – all organisms from simple bacteria to humans perform
it the same way Yields 2 ATP and 2 NADH per glucose molecule
Glucose
to electron transport chain
2 Pyruvate2 G3P
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Glycolysis
Overview: Glucose is converted
into 2 pyruvic acid molecules– A.K.A. pyruvate
Pyruvic acid is a reactant in the Krebs Cycle
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Glycolysis
Step 1: The cell invests 2 ATP
to convert glucose 2 G3P
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Glycolysis
Step 2: 4 ATP molecules are
produced from the conversion of 2 G3P 2 pyruvic acid
2 NADH molecules are produced– Used in E.T.C.
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Aerobic Cellular Respiration
Oxygen required = aerobic 2 more sets of reactions which occur in a
specialized organelles called mitochondria1. The Krebs Cycle
2. The Electron Transport Chain
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The Krebs Cycle
AKA The Citric Acid Cycle Completes the breakdown of glucose
– Carbon and oxygen atoms end up in CO2 and H2O, respectively
Produces only 2 more ATP – but produces electron carriers NADH and FADH2
which move to the 3rd stage (The Electron Transport Chain)
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The Krebs Cycle
Citric Acid Production
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The Krebs Cycle
Products (per glucose): 6 CO2
2 ATP 8 NADH 2 FADH2
to E.T.C.
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Electron Transport Chain
Powered by electron carriers from the Kreb’s Cycle
Produces a total of 32 ATP Water is formed when oxygen combines with
protons
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The Electron Transport Chain
Electron Transport
Hydrogen Ion Movement
ATP Production
ATP synthase
H+ Diffusion
Intermembrane
Space
Inner Membrane
Mitochondrial Matrix
H+ Active Transport
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Energy Tally
36 ATP for aerobic vs. 2 ATP for anaerobic
– Glycolysis 2 ATP
– Krebs 2 ATP
– Electron Transport Chain 32 ATP 36 ATP
Anaerobic organisms can’t be too energetic but are important for global recycling of carbon
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Anaerobic Cellular Respiration
Also called fermentation Some organisms thrive in environments with little or no
oxygen– Marshes, bogs, digestive tracts, sewage treatment tanks, etc.
No oxygen used = anaerobic Results in no more ATP
– The final steps in these pathways serve ONLY to regenerate NAD+ so it can keep glycolysis running
End products such as ethanol and CO2 (yeast in beer/bread) or lactic acid (muscle cells)
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Fermentation Overview
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Alcoholic Fermentation
Used by yeasts and other microorganisms Produces carbon dioxide and ethanol Used to make bread and alcoholic drinks (beer, wine,
etc.)
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Lactic Acid Fermentation
Used by both unicellular and multicellular organisms Lactic acid buildup in muscles causes a burning sensation Used in the production of sour cream, cheese, yogurt, and
many other foods & beverages
Glucose Pyruvic Acid Lactic Acid
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Fermentation Overview