Download - Chapter Four Lecture- Ecosystems
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Chapter Four
Ecosystems & Communities
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4.1 The Role of Climate
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Weather
4.1 The Role of Climate
The condition of the atmosphere at a given time
and place Weather changes
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Climate
4.1 The Role of Climate
Describes the average temperature and precipitation for
an area Relatively unchanging
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The Greenhouse Effect
4.1 The Role of Climate
Certain gases in the atmosphere trap heat on Earth’s surface.
CO2 H2O CH4
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Climate & Latitude
4.1 The Role of Climate
Earth has three main
climate zones polar zones
temperate zones tropical zone
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Climate & Latitude
4.1 The Role of Climate
Sunlight hits the Earth more directly at the equator.
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Climate & Latitude
4.1 The Role of Climate
Sunlight is spread over greater area at the poles, so it is less
intense.
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Climate & Latitude
4.1 The Role of Climate
Temperate zones have
distinct seasons.
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Heat Flow on Earth
4.1 The Role of Climate
Warmed air rises at the equator and
falls as it cools near the poles. CONVECTION
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Heat Flow on Earth
4.1 The Role of Climate
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Heat Flow on EarthOcean currents are caused by
convection and wind.
4.1 The Role of Climate
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Habitat
4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
A habitat is where an organism lives.
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Habitat
4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
Both biotic and abiotic factors affect organisms and ecosystems.
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Habitat
4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
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4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
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Community Interactions Affect Ecosystems
4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
Competition- Organisms compete for resources, like water, food, or space.
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Community Interactions Affect Ecosystems
4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
Competitive Exclusion Principle
No two species can occupy the same niche
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Community Interactions Affect Ecosystems
4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
Predation- One
organism feeds on another
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Community Interactions Affect Ecosystems
4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
Symbiosis- close relationships
between species
mutualism commensalism
parasitism
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Mutualism- both
species benefit
Community Interactions Affect Ecosystems
4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
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Mutualism- both
species benefit
Community Interactions Affect Ecosystems
4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
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Mutualism- both
species benefit
Community Interactions Affect Ecosystems
4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
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Mutualism- both
species benefit
Community Interactions Affect Ecosystems
4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
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Commensalism
One species benefits, one is
unaffected
Community Interactions Affect Ecosystems
4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
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Commensalism
One species benefits, one is
unaffected
Community Interactions Affect Ecosystems
4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
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Parasitism- One species benefits, the
other is harmed
Community Interactions Affect Ecosystems
4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
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Community Interactions Affect Ecosystems
4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
Parasitism- One species benefits, the
other is harmed
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Community Interactions Affect Ecosystems
4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
Parasitism- One species benefits, the
other is harmed
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Changing Ecosystems
4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
Ecosystems are constantly
changing in response to natural and
human disturbances.
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Changing Ecosystems
4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
Ecological succession
describes changes that
occur as a new ecosystem develops.
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Changing Ecosystems
4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
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Changing Ecosystems
4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
Occurs when
there is no soil
Primary succession
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Changing Ecosystems
4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
pioneer plants
are lichens
Primary succession
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Changing Ecosystems
4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
Dead lichen produce
soil where tiny plants can grow
Primary succession
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Changing Ecosystems
4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
Small plants
grow when soil is
present
Secondary succession
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Changing Ecosystems
4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
pioneer plants
are often lichens
Primary succession
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Changing Ecosystems
4.2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
pioneer plants
are often lichens
Primary succession
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Biomes
4.3 Biomes
A biome covers a large area and is characterized by certain soil and climate conditions and particular types of plants and animals.
Desert Biome
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Biomes
4.3 Biomes
tropical rain forest tropical dry forest tropical savanna
desert temperate grassland temperate woodland
and shrubland temperate forest
northwestern coniferous forest
boreal forest tundra
Tundra Biome