Chapter One Notes
State the Problem or Question
Form a Hypothesis
Set Up a Controlled Experiment
Record Results
Draw a Conclusion
Publish Results – NOT considered one of the
primary steps!
Steps to Designing an Experiment – List all 7 steps Sec 1-2
• 1.
• 2.
• 3.
• 4.
• 5.
• 6.
• 7.
Analyze Results
Statement Observation Inference
Object A is round and orange.
Object A is a basketball.
Object C is round and black and white.
Object C is larger than Object B.
Object B is smooth.
Object B is a ping-pong ball.
Each object is used in a different sport.
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Observation & Inference(This is an activity we will complete in class.)
Shells and Snowflakes
• How can we distinguish between living and nonliving things, such as a radiolarian (left) and a snowflake (right)?
•A radiolarian is a tiny living thing that is covered with a glasslike shell and lives in the ocean. A snowflake is a crystal made of frozen water.
Chapter One ~ The Science of Biology Sec 1-3
• Studying LifeA. Characteristics of Living Things
1.
2.
3.
4.
Made Up of Cells
Able to Reproduce
Based on a Genetic Code
Grows and Develops
Uses Materials and Energy
Responds to the Environment
Maintains Internal Balance
Evolves ` Changes over time
Characteristics of Living Things
• 5.
• 6.
• 7.
• 8.
Biosphere
Ecosystem
Community
Population
The part of Earththat contains allecosystems
Community and its nonliving surroundings
Populations thatlive together in a defined area
Group of organisms of onetype that live in the same area
Biosphere
Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass, stream, rocks, air
Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass
Bison herd
Levels of Organization ~ List from Largest to Smallest pg. 21
• 1.
• 2.
• 3.
• 4.
Organism
Groups ofCells
Cells
Molecules
Individual livingthing
Tissues, organs,and organ systems
Smallest functionalunit of life
Groups of atoms;smallest unit of most chemicalcompounds
Bison
Nervous tissue Nervous systemBrain
Nerve cell
Water DNA
Section 1-3
Levels of Organization continued
• 5.
• 6.
• 7.
• 8.
C. Microscopes Sec 1-4 ~ Write the definition & function of the following microscopes:•1. Light Microscopes
•2. Electron Microscopes
Function ~ Produces magnified images by focusing visible light rays.
Description ~ The compound light microscope allows light to pass through the specimen and uses two lenses to form an image.
Function ~ Produces magnified images by focusing beams of electrons.
Description ~ The best electron microscopes can produce images almost 1000 times more detailed than light microscopes.
D. Laboratory Techniques ~ Describe in detail these techniques.
•1. Cell Cultures
•2. Cell Fractionation
In order to obtain enough material to study: biologists place a single cell into a dish containing nutrient solution.
The cell grows into a group of cells called a culture and this can be used for testing.
Biologists use this technique to study a small part of a cell.
• First the cells are broken into pieces by a special blender.
•the broken bits are added to a liquid and placed in centrifuge to spin the cell parts which makes them separate.
• Then the scientist can remove the specific parts.
Tools and Procedures Sec 1-4
A. A Common Measurement System ~
• 1. Most scientists _______________– ______________________________.
• 2. The _________ is scaled on _____.
when collecting data & performing experiments.
use the metric system
Metric system 10
Tools and Procedures Sec 1-4
B. A Common Measurement System ~ List the common unit of length, mass, volume & temperature
Common Metric Units Table
Length Mass
1 meter = 100 centimeters
1 meter = 1000 millimeters
1000 meters = 1 kilometer
1 kilogram = 1000 grams
1 gram = 1000 milligrams
1000 kilograms = 1 metric ton
Volume Temperature
1 liter = 1000 milliliters 0 degrees C = freezing
100 degrees C = boiling
Video pt.1
Video pt. 2
Scientists at Work Sec 1-2
• For many years, observations seemed to indicate that some living things could just _________ __________:– Recipe for Bees
• 1. Kill a bull during the first thaw of winter• 2. Build a shed• 3. Place the dead bull on branches & herbs inside
the shed• 4. Wait for summer. The decaying body of the
bull will produce bees.
– Maggots on meat, Mice on grain, Beetles from dung, etc.
suddenly appear
• This brought about the question: ________________________________________________________________
• Scholars of the day gave a name to the idea that life could arise from nonliving matter ~ _______________________
“How do new living things come into being?”
Spontaneous Generation
Francesco Redi 1668 pg.8
• An _________ physician proposed a different hypothesis for the appearance of maggots.
• Redi observed _________ appeared on meat a few days after ___ were present.
• Redi proposed that the flies laid _____ too small for people to see.
• Redi’s hypothesis stated that ___________________________
• Next he had to test his hypothesis…
Italian
maggots
flies
eggs
flies produced maggots.
Go to Section:
OBSERVATIONS: Flies land on meat that is left uncovered. Later, maggots appear on the meat.
HYPOTHESIS: Flies produce maggots.PROCEDURE
Controlled Variables:jars, type of meat,location, temperature,Time Same in both TrialsManipulated Variables:gauze covering thatkeeps flies away from Meat The Change
Uncovered jars Covered jars
Several days pass
Maggots appear No maggots appearResponding Variable: whether maggots appear
CONCLUSION: Maggots form only when flies come in contact with meat. Spontaneous generation of maggots did not occur.
Section 1-2
Figure 1-8 Redi’s Experiment on Spontaneous Generation
Redi had to set up a controlled experiment.
Redi published his findings and conclusions in a book for other scientists.
• In the mid 1700’s, another scientist came along and disputed Redi’s findings using Anton van _________________ “lenses”. Pg.11
• Needham (English) saw a tiny world of “____________” in rainwater, pond water,
dust & gravy. Pg. 11
Leuwenhook’s
animacules
• Needham claimed that spontaneous generation could occur under the right ______________.
• Needham sealed a bottle of ______ and heated it, claiming to have killed the little animals, but a few days later, the gravy was___________________. He inferred the animals could have only come from the gravy, thus disproving Redi’s claim.
conditionsgravy
teaming with life
Spallanzani’s Test of Redi’s Findings pg. 11
• Lazzaro __________ (an Italian) read about Redi’s and Needham’s work. Spallanzani thought Needham had NOT heated the gravy long enough and then decided to________
____________________.
Spallanzani
improveNeedham’s experiment
Go to Section:
Gravy is boiled. Flask isopen.
Gravy is teeming with microorganisms.
Gravy is boiled. Flask issealed.
Gravy is free of microorganisms.
Section 1-2
Figure 1-10 Spallanzani’s Experiment
One jar was sealed immediately and one jar was left open.
Concluded that the microorganisms were from the air.
Pasteur’s Work pg. 12• In the 1800’s, some scientists said that air
contained the ___________ needed to produce life and therefore Spallazani’s experiment wasn’t fair.
• ______________(French), in 1864, found a way to settle the dispute.
• Pasteur designed a _________________ that allowed air, but no microorganisms. After a year, he accidentally broke the neck and the flask, and the microorganisms appeared.
“life force”
Louis Pasteur
flask with a long neck
Go to Section:
Broth is boiled. Broth is free ofmicroorganismsfor a year.
Curved neckis removed.
Broth is teeming with microorganisms.
Section 1-2
Figure 1-11 Pasteur’s Experiment
Go to Section:
Broth is boiled. Broth is free ofmicroorganismsfor a year.
Curved neckis removed.
Broth is teeming with microorganisms.
Section 1-2
Figure 1-11 Pasteur’s Experiment
Go to Section:
Broth is boiled. Broth is free ofmicroorganismsfor a year.
Curved neckis removed.
Broth is teeming with microorganisms.
Section 1-2
Figure 1-11 Pasteur’s Experiment
Go to Section:
Broth is boiled. Broth is free ofmicroorganismsfor a year.
Curved neckis removed.
Broth is teeming with microorganisms.
Section 1-2
Figure 1-11 Pasteur’s Experiment
• Pasteur proved that all living things must come from _______________ …which was a major change in the way scientists view living things.
• During his lifetime, Pasteur saved the _______ industry, the _____ industry, and began to uncover the nature of infectious diseases in humans.
• Pasteur was one of the most remarkable _________________ of all time.
living organisms
wine silk
problem solvers
How a Theory Develops pg. 14
• Theory applies to a ___________________ that unifies a broad range of observations.
• Sometimes more than one theory is needed to explain a particular circumstance.
• A useful theory may become the _________ view among the majority of scientists, but no theory is considered absolute truth.
• Scientists analyze, review, and critique theories while adding new evidence along the way. Sometimes scientist resist a new way of looking at nature, but over time new evidence determines which ideas survive and which are replaced.
well-tested explanation
dominant