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Chapter 4Health and Illness
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Definitions of Health States
Health: a state of complete physical, mental, and socialwell being, not merely the absence of disease
Illness: the unique response of a person to a disease
Wellness: an active state, oriented toward maximizingthe potential of the individual
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Human Dimensions of Health
Physical
Intellectual
Emotional
Sociocultural
Spiritual
Environmental aspects
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Acute Illness
Generally has a rapid onset of symptoms and lasts only arelatively short time
Examples: appendicitis, pneumonia, diarrhea, commoncold
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Chronic Illness
A broad term that encompasses many different physicaland mental alterations
Examples: diabetes mellitus, lung disease, arthritis, lupus
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Characteristics of a Chronic Illness
It is a permanent change.
It causes, or is caused by, irreversible alterations innormal anatomy and physiology.
It requires special patient education for rehabilitation.
It requires a long period of care or support.
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Stages of Illness Behavior
Experiencing symptoms
Assuming the sick role
Assuming a dependent role
Achieving recovery and rehabilitation
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Models of Health and Illness
The agent-host-environment model
The health-illness continuum
The high-level wellness model
The health belief model
The health promotion model
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Agent-Host-Environment Model (Leavelland Clark)
This model is useful for examining the causes of diseasein an individual.
The agent, host, and environment interact in ways thatcreate risk factors.
Understanding the risk factors is important for thepromotion and maintenance of health.
The host reaction is influenced by family history, age,
and health habits. The environment includes physical, social, biologic, and
cultural factors.
Each of the agent-host-environment factors affects and isaffected by the others.
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The Health-Illness Continuum
Measures a persons level of health
Views health as a constantly changing state with high-level wellness and death on opposite sides of acontinuum
Illustrates the dynamic (ever-changing) state of health
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The Health Belief Model (Rosenstock)
Concerned with what people perceive to be true aboutthemselves in relation to their health
Modifying factors for health include demographicvariables, sociopsychological variables and structuralvariable
Based on three components of individual perceptions of
threat of a disease Perceived susceptibility to a disease
Perceived seriousness of a disease
Perceived benefits of action
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The Health Promotion Model (Pender)
Illustrates the multidimensional nature of personsinteracting with their environment as they pursue health
Incorporates individual characteristics and experiencesand behavior-specific knowledge and beliefs, to motivatehealth-promoting behavior
Personal, biologic, psychological, and sociocultural
factors are predicative of a certain health related habit. Health related behavior is the outcome of the model and
is directed toward attaining positive health outcomes andexperiences throughout the lifespan.
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Factors Affecting Health Status, Beliefs,and Practices
Risk factors for illness
Factors in the human dimensions that influence health-illness status
Beliefs and practice
Basic human needs
Self-concept
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The Human Dimensions
Physical dimension genetic inheritance, age,developmental level, race, and gender
Emotional dimension how the mind affects bodyfunction and responds to body conditions
Intellectual dimension cognitive abilities, educationalbackground, and past experiences
Environmental dimension housing, sanitation, climate,pollution of air, food, and water
Sociocultural dimension economic level, lifestyle,family, and culture
Spiritual dimension spiritual beliefs and values
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Basic Human Needs
Physiological needs
Safety and security needs
Love and belonging needs
Self-esteem needs
Self-actualization needs
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Factors That Influence aPersons Self Concept
Past experiences
Interpersonal interactions
Physical and cultural influences
Education
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Levels of Preventive Care
Primary prevention e.g., diet, exercise, immunizations
Secondary prevention e.g., screenings, mammograms,family counseling
Tertiary prevention e.g., medications, surgicaltreatment, rehabilitation