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Characterize a Habitable Planet
SAG-4 WHAT to measure
with WHAT accuracy ?
Lisa Kaltenegger, MPIA/HarvardEXO-PAG mtg, Jan. 9, 2011
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SAG 4: Science: modeling ()1) derive accuracy of parameters needed to characterize
- Earth (HZ)- Super-Earth (HZ)
2) use “standard” models (Earth and Super-Earth)- to compare models of different groups- generate "standard" spectra as input for designs- to compare models of different goups
3) deliverables: - report on spectral features (Earth & Super-Earth)
- report on parameter accuracy needed () - spectra as input for studies & e.g. SAG 7 & 8
KICK-off – collaboration of modeling teams & lively discussion
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The IDEA: Line of Evidence
FIND
INTERIOR
ATMOSPHERE
LIFE ?
SPECTRAL FINGERPRINT
WHAT KIND
FORMATION
Density ?
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MODEL
STAR: FluxPLANET: Composition
OutgassingTectonicGeoch. CycleMagnetosphere
Re-radiation
= ATMOSPHERES
SPECTRAL Fingerprint
DATA
SAG 4: 1) derive accuracy to characterize- Earth (HZ)- Super-Earth (HZ)
2) define “standard” models - to compare models
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Atmosphericescape
OutgassingEarly or continuous
Geochemical recyclinge. g. carbonate silicate cycle
Biological processing
photochemistry
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RV & Transits: density
Torres 2008
Fortney, 2007Sasselov 2007
Zeng & Sasselov (2010), Valencia et al. 2010, Sotin et al. 2010,
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Transit Geometryz
T( z, )
h is the effective height of an opaque
atmosphere:
h() = ∫ (1-T) dz
SoR() = R0 + h()
h ≈ T/(g )
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Explore Planets - EGP
Atmosphere by transits... HD189733b (Tinetti07, Swain08)Earth (Palle 09, Kaltenegger 09)
2007 +
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Water in HD 189733b
Tinetti et al. (2007)
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GJ 1214 - Spectrum
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NOT Earth-like (R, M)Not a CLEAR H/He atm (spectrum)
Bean et al nature 2010
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11Kaltenegger & Traub ApJ 2009Palle et al. Nature 2009Data: ATMOS B. Irion 2002
Earth Primary Transit: collect transmitted starlight
SNR = N1/2(tot) * 2Rp h / Rs2
2002/2014+ ?
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Habitable Planets with transits = Easy
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13NEXT STEP
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The TEST =observationsThe Pale Blue Dot Voyager image, 4 bil. km
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Signs Of Life On An Earth-like Planet
Vegetation ?
Plantproduct
Surface features e.g.Plantlife
Bacteria
observed
WaterOxygen Carbon
dioxide
Methane
Nitrousoxide
Ozone
Needed for life
Primordial; & bacteria product
Adapted from Traub
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Signs Of Life On An Earth-like Planet
Vegetation – good enough SNR per 1/20 of planet‘s rotation to detect surface feature
Water makes Oxygen – WITHOUT life
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide - greenhouse & HZ extend
& Methane (or other reducing gas) Biomarker
Nitrous oxide
Ozone
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17Direct imaging
Direct Imaging & Secondary Eclipse
~ Rpl2
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Visible spectrum of Earth
Observed Earthshine, reflected from dark side of moon.Ref.: Kaltenegger et al 2007, ApJ 574, 2007
see also e.g.: Montanez-Rodrigez 2005, 07, Arnold 2002, 06, 09; Turnbull 06
Rayleigh
Ozone O3
Chlorophyll ?
Oxygen O2
Water H2O
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VIS & near-IR: Reflected light
Meadows et al 2006
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Kaltenegger, Traub Jucks 2007 ApJ
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flux
at 1
0 pc
(ph
oton
s m
-2 h
r-1
m-1)
wavelength (m) Selsis 08, Tinetti 2007
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Earth IR-emission
Kaltenegger, Traub, Jucks 2007 (ApJ)
TES data; Christensen 2004
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23Selsis 2007 (model Tinetti)
Features: 1) observables & 2) unique ?
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24Kaltenegger et al 2007 ApJmid IR (5-20m): Res = 25
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Different evolution state / age / mass / etc.
THE TEST: GRID of Spectra of different planets – Exoplore underlying physics- Unique?- Detectable?- Inst. requirements- Retrieval from data?
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26Udry et al 2007, Selsis et al 2007, van Braun et al 2007, vanParis et al, Kaltenegger et al, ....
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Gl 581d spectra& star/planet contrast ratioKaltenegger, Mohanty & Segura ApJ 2011
Spectra (0.1 - 100 m): Resolution 15027
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WHY ?
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Summary• Models: - WHAT to measure HOW WELL
- to explore the underlying physics- to have compelling diversity
- predict spectra & characterize ()- instrument design, data analysis ()
• Earth: a rosetta stone for exoplanets
WELCOME TO THE TEAM !!!
e-mail: [email protected]
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TEST: explosive exovolcanos ? Res = 150, SNR calc. for JWST (pure photon noise, template input for instruments)
Kaltenegger & Sasselov (ApJ 09), Kaltenegger & Henning (ApJ 2010)
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DETAILS: Albedos & Clouds
Kaltenegger 07
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Clouds VIS = bright!: Earth avg 60%
IR
Kaltenegger 07
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Selsis et al, Paille et al, Kaltenegger et al
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Distinguishing atm & planet comp
34Miller-ricci et al 2008
h ≈ T/(g )
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Earth: ATMOS-3:Transmission validation in far-IR
ATMOS-3 transmission of sunlight through Earth’s atmosphere, measured with a fast FTS on Shuttle
yellow = model
Fit is close, but line wings are not perfect, perhaps owing to line-mixing effects in strong bands.
Note low transmission below 10 km.
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Ray-by-ray spectra, visible & near-infrared
Short wavelength range of transmission spectrum.
Note:-strong O3 bands
- at 0.3 & 0.6 μm,- weak H2O bands, - strong Rayleigh in blue,- low transmission < 10 km.
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Mini-Neptunes
Super-Earths
8 - 15 ME
CharacteristicsMASS – tectonic, needed ?RADIUS – - INTERIOR vs ATMTEMPERATURE – Eff vs. surfaceALBEDO - pattern? clouds, surface)