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Reaching Sensory Processing Reaching Sensory Processing Disorders: Working toDisorders: Working to
Benefit Benefit ADD/ADHD to AutismADD/ADHD to Autism through through
Structure and FunctionStructure and Function
Charles W Chapple, DC, FICPACharles W Chapple, DC, FICPA360 E Irving Park RD, Roselle, IL360 E Irving Park RD, Roselle, IL
(630) 894-8778 (630) 894-8778 www.drchapple.com
Selected 2006-2008 “Guide To America’s Top Chiropractors”Selected 2006-2008 “Guide To America’s Top Chiropractors”2008 “ Five Star Excellence Award in Chiropractic”2008 “ Five Star Excellence Award in Chiropractic”
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What are Sensory Processing What are Sensory Processing Disorders?Disorders?
Any condition which demonstrates the Any condition which demonstrates the inability to process information through the inability to process information through the SensesSenses..
Interestingly the DMSR only acknowledges the sensory component in ASD as a secondary finding( Diagnosed by language, social and behavioral variations).
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Inter-related Conditions?Inter-related Conditions? ADD/ADHD AUTISM PDD SPD CHALLENGEDADD/ADHD AUTISM PDD SPD CHALLENGED
“ “ Normal” ChildrenNormal” Children
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PrevalencePrevalence
ADD/ADHD: ADD/ADHD: 5 Million Children in USA alone5 Million Children in USA alone
Autism: Autism: Every 21 minutes another Child is Diagnosed.Every 21 minutes another Child is Diagnosed.
Challenged Child: Challenged Child: 12 to 30% of Children.12 to 30% of Children.
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How is Information Gathered for Our How is Information Gathered for Our Sensory System?Sensory System?
Through SensesThrough Senses
Through ReflexesThrough Reflexes
Reflexes and Sensory Processing Can’t be Reflexes and Sensory Processing Can’t be SeparatedSeparated
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Body Body Senses Senses IncludeInclude
Far SensesFar Senses - Allow us to - Allow us to respond to stimuli outside respond to stimuli outside our body:our body:
HearHear
SeeSee
TasteTaste
TouchTouch
SmellSmell
Near SensesNear Senses - Or - Or Hidden Senses – Hidden Senses – Automatically respond Automatically respond within our body to stimuli:within our body to stimuli:
Body Position/AwarenessBody Position/Awareness
Movement/BalanceMovement/Balance
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Reflexes and the Sensory System:Reflexes and the Sensory System:
Primitive ReflexesPrimitive Reflexes
Postural ReflexesPostural Reflexes
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What are the What are the Primitive ReflexesPrimitive Reflexes??
Primitive reflexes are automatic survival responses to stimuli (Sensory Input) which develop during uterine life
and should be fully present at birth.
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Anatomy of Primitive Reflexes:Anatomy of Primitive Reflexes:
Within the brainstem Within the brainstem – Oldest part of the brain (Reptilian or Pre-Oldest part of the brain (Reptilian or Pre-
Cortical) Cortical) => Midbrain => Cortical=> Midbrain => Cortical
Automatic vs VolitionalAutomatic vs Volitional Stimulus elicited (e.g. A Chocolate Cookie)Stimulus elicited (e.g. A Chocolate Cookie) Survival / InstinctualSurvival / Instinctual
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Primitive Reflexes ChartedPrimitive Reflexes Charted
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A Closer Look at Primitive ReflexesA Closer Look at Primitive Reflexes
Fear Paralysis ReflexFear Paralysis ReflexFetal Tuck Reflex
Moro Reflex Moro Reflex Clasping Reflex
• Facilitates the 1st “Breath of Life”• Only PR connected to ALL senses• Matures to “Adult startle response”
– Shoulders shrug w/ head turn• If underdeveloped maybe factor in If underdeveloped maybe factor in
SIDSSIDS
Palmar Reflex Palmar Reflex Grasping Reflex
• Related to early feeding (hand/mouth)
• Stimulation bilaterally inhibits Moro Reflex
• Matures to “Pincer Grip”
Plantar ReflexPlantar Reflex• Trouble w/Gait, Run, Toe Walk
Rooting/Suck ReflexRooting/Suck ReflexCardinal Points ReflexCardinal Points Reflex
• Hand-mouth neurologic link
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A Closer Look at Primitive Reflexes A Closer Look at Primitive Reflexes ContinuedContinued
Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Asymmetrical Tonic Neck ReflexReflex
Kicking & Vestibular reflexKicking & Vestibular reflex• In Utero provides continuous In Utero provides continuous
motion stimulating balance/ motion stimulating balance/ neural connectionsneural connections
• Assists & reinforces birth Assists & reinforces birth processprocess
• First eye-hand coordinationFirst eye-hand coordination• Integrates vestibular w/ other Integrates vestibular w/ other
senses; enhances myelinationsenses; enhances myelination• If underdeveloped maybe factor If underdeveloped maybe factor
in SIDSin SIDS
Spinal Galant ReflexSpinal Galant ReflexSpinal reflexSpinal reflex
• Assist birth processAssist birth process• Enables the fetus to “feel” soundEnables the fetus to “feel” sound• Reduced by Auditory Integrative Reduced by Auditory Integrative
TrainingTraining
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A Closer Look at Primitive Reflexes A Closer Look at Primitive Reflexes ContinuedContinued
Symmetric Tonic Neck ReflexSymmetric Tonic Neck ReflexRolling reflexRolling reflex
• First assistance of body to defy First assistance of body to defy gravitygravity
• Influences body muscle tone in Influences body muscle tone in horizontal halves (crawl)horizontal halves (crawl)
• Crawl assist hand-eye Crawl assist hand-eye coordination essential for coordination essential for
reading & writingreading & writing
Tonic Labyrinthine ReflexTonic Labyrinthine Reflex Vestibular reflex – Forward & Vestibular reflex – Forward &
BackwardBackward• Backward Backward emerges w/ emerges w/ Postural Postural
ReflexesReflexes• Early method of response to Early method of response to
gravitygravity- Giving sense of direction based - Giving sense of direction based
where in spacewhere in space• Shared circuit of eyes & brainShared circuit of eyes & brain
• Influences muscle tone Influences muscle tone throughout the bodythroughout the body
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What If Primitive Reflexes don’t What If Primitive Reflexes don’t Integrate?Integrate?
Primitive reflexes that remain and do not integrate, are “Retained” and therefore postural reflexes do not develop fully resulting in a “Reflexive No Man’s Land” or “ A Reflexive Seesaw” (e.g. Car stuck in the Snow).
Thus the body remains under the influence of involuntary responses instead of voluntary.
Retained Primitive Reflexes cause: Difficult voluntary movements and Balance
Irregular Visual Perception Irregular Auditory Processing Irregular Sensory Perception
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Observing SPD’sObserving SPD’s
An Individual defined as having SPD concerns An Individual defined as having SPD concerns exhibits variations of sensory activity in :exhibits variations of sensory activity in :
Frequency Intensity DurationFrequency Intensity Duration
Observed as either as Observed as either as aa Hypersensitivity or a Hypersensitivity or a HyposensitivityHyposensitivity
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The Sensitivity of the Seven Senses The Sensitivity of the Seven Senses in SPDin SPD
HypersensitiveHypersensitive - - requires less stimulationrequires less stimulation
Avoids soundsAvoids sounds Overwhelmed by intense visualOverwhelmed by intense visual Object to textures and gagObject to textures and gag Avoid textures and being touchedAvoid textures and being touched Avoids odorsAvoids odors Rigid and uncoordinatedRigid and uncoordinated Apprehensive running, climbing and Apprehensive running, climbing and
swingingswinging
HyposensitiveHyposensitive - - requires requires more stimulationmore stimulation
Appears to ignore soundAppears to ignore sound Appears uninterested by visualAppears uninterested by visual Tastes inedible objectsTastes inedible objects Chews and presses into objectsChews and presses into objects Unaware of unpleasant odorsUnaware of unpleasant odors Limp and clumsyLimp and clumsy Craves rocking, twirling and fidgetsCraves rocking, twirling and fidgets
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How SPD PresentsHow SPD Presents
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More Specific Symptoms of More Specific Symptoms of Retained Reflexes:Retained Reflexes:
Fear Paralysis ReflexFear Paralysis Reflex• Oppositional Defiance• “The Screaming Child”
Moro ReflexMoro Reflex • Aggressive or Withdrawn
• Overactive (Ready-Fire-Aim)• Overemotional (Weeping Anger)
• Learning Difficulty (Pupils problem w/ black print on white paper
• Visual attention drawn to outside edges (Peripheral Vision)
• Hypersensitive to ALL senses • Adrenal Fatigue=> Weak Immune• Overall effects emotional profile
Palmar ReflexPalmar Reflex • Poor Manual Dexterity (Thumb)
• Speech Difficulties• Manual Tasks Inhibit Talking
• Difficult writing (w/Mouth Motion)
Plantar ReflexPlantar Reflex• Trouble w/Gait, Run, Toe Walk
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More Specific Symptoms of More Specific Symptoms of Retained Reflexes:Retained Reflexes:
Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex:Reflex:
• Easily DistractedEasily Distracted• Poor Pencil Grip, Excessive GripPoor Pencil Grip, Excessive Grip
• Missing Visual Reading FieldsMissing Visual Reading FieldsWhen readingWhen reading
• Difficult Distance PerceptionDifficult Distance Perception• Poor Ball SkillsPoor Ball Skills
• Difficult cross crawling on stomachDifficult cross crawling on stomach(Barrier crossing midline)(Barrier crossing midline)
• Difficult tasks involving both sides of Difficult tasks involving both sides of Body ; Favors same side motion & since Body ; Favors same side motion & since
choice of side not automatic becomes choice of side not automatic becomes unnecessary source of confusionunnecessary source of confusion
• Learning DifficultyLearning Difficulty
Tonic Labyrinthine Reflex:Tonic Labyrinthine Reflex:• Poor Judgment of Balance, Space, Poor Judgment of Balance, Space,
Distance, Depth, Motion & TimeDistance, Depth, Motion & Time• Motion Sickness & Dislike P.E.Motion Sickness & Dislike P.E.
• ““Floppy” or “Rigid” ChildFloppy” or “Rigid” Child• Fatigue when Neck FlexedFatigue when Neck Flexed
• Learning/Visual Difficulty (Mirror Write)Learning/Visual Difficulty (Mirror Write)
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More Specific Symptoms of More Specific Symptoms of Retained Reflexes:Retained Reflexes:
Rooting/Suck ReflexRooting/Suck Reflex• Difficult Chew, Speech and Dribble
• Relation to manual dexterity
Spinal Gallant Reflex:Spinal Gallant Reflex:• Delayed Sitting Delayed Sitting
• Abnormal Gait/PostureAbnormal Gait/Posture• Poor Bladder & Bowel/ Bed WettingPoor Bladder & Bowel/ Bed Wetting
• “ “Ant’s in Pants” ChildAnt’s in Pants” Child• Poor Concentration & Learning DifficultyPoor Concentration & Learning Difficulty
Symmetrical Tonic Neck Symmetrical Tonic Neck ReflexReflex
• Poor Posture, (Ape like) Walk• “W” leg position w/ floor sitting
• Poor Hand-eye coordination- eating
• Swim better underwater w/ less gravity
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The Next Developmental StepThe Next Developmental Step
As As higher brain centers higher brain centers mature or the PR’s mature or the PR’s IntegrateIntegrate more voluntary more voluntary Postural ReflexesPostural Reflexes
and Cortical development occursand Cortical development occurs
Postural Reflexes:Postural Reflexes:• The Righting Reflexes (Quadruped)The Righting Reflexes (Quadruped)
• Equilibrium Reactions (Bipedal)Equilibrium Reactions (Bipedal)
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Developmental Movement PatternsDevelopmental Movement Patterns
The The Building BlocksBuilding Blocks of movement and understanding of movement and understanding
CONTRALATERALCONTRALATERALIntegrates all previous patterns; Gains ability to intendIntegrates all previous patterns; Gains ability to intend
HOMOLATERALHOMOLATERALDifferentiates right and left side of the body; Gains mobilityDifferentiates right and left side of the body; Gains mobility
HOMOLOGOUSHOMOLOGOUSDifferentiates upper and lower halves of the body; Gains the ability to actDifferentiates upper and lower halves of the body; Gains the ability to act
SPINAL MOVEMENTSPINAL MOVEMENTDifferentiates front and back of the body; Gains the abilityto attendDifferentiates front and back of the body; Gains the abilityto attend
NAVEL RADIATIONNAVEL RADIATIONDifferentiation and connectionDifferentiation and connection
MOUTHINGMOUTHINGFirst limb to reach, grasp, hold and let goFirst limb to reach, grasp, hold and let go
BREATHINGBREATHINGSimplest ground of physical presenceSimplest ground of physical presence
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The Significance of Primitive to The Significance of Primitive to Postural Reflexes:Postural Reflexes: Primitive Reflexes Primitive Reflexes
Form foundations for later body functionsForm foundations for later body functions
Postural ReflexesPostural Reflexes Provide the framework within which body systems operateProvide the framework within which body systems operate
The Integrity of one effects the Integrity of the The Integrity of one effects the Integrity of the OtherOther
(The Model Home)(The Model Home)
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Learning HierarchyLearning Hierarchy
Academic FunctioningAcademic FunctioningDevelopment of logic and reasoning for schooling-reading, writing and mathDevelopment of logic and reasoning for schooling-reading, writing and math
ConceptionConceptionMaking sense of the worldMaking sense of the world
LanguageLanguageDevelopment of speechDevelopment of speech
PerceptionPerceptionDevelopment of sight, hearing and touchDevelopment of sight, hearing and touch
Motor PatternsMotor PatternsDevelopment of correct motor pattern, crawling and climbDevelopment of correct motor pattern, crawling and climb
Postural ReflexesPostural ReflexesDevelopment of ability to be in an upright posture and balance against gravityDevelopment of ability to be in an upright posture and balance against gravity
Primitive ReflexesPrimitive ReflexesEmergence and integration of survival reflexes along with hearing and touch competenceEmergence and integration of survival reflexes along with hearing and touch competence
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Difficulty with Senses and ReflexesDifficulty with Senses and Reflexes
Difficulty with SkillsDifficulty with SkillsMotor/ Muscle ToneMotor/ Muscle Tone
CognitionCognition
CommunicationCommunication
SocializationSocialization
IndependenceIndependence
Difficulty with BehaviorsDifficulty with BehaviorsImpulsivenessImpulsiveness
Self ControlSelf Control
DistractibilityDistractibility
FrustrationFrustration
SocialSocial
EmotionalEmotional
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SPD ExpressionSPD Expression
Cause:Cause:
Difficulty with Senses Difficulty with Senses
and Reflexesand Reflexes
EffectEffect
Difficulty with Skills and Difficulty with Skills and BehaviorBehavior
Low Self EsteemLow Self Esteem
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InterventionIntervention
TraditionalTraditionalTreats causes as genetic, pre-Treats causes as genetic, pre-postnatal trauma and unknownpostnatal trauma and unknown
Treatment is geared from outside Treatment is geared from outside the body to inside the body the body to inside the body ( e.g. ( e.g. Behavioral Modification)Behavioral Modification)
ReactiveReactive (The Model Home)(The Model Home)
AlternativeAlternative Treats the Treats the structurestructure in order to in order to
improve the improve the function as cause is function as cause is a Sensory & Reflex imbalance a Sensory & Reflex imbalance System OverwhelmedSystem Overwhelmed
Treatment is geared from inside Treatment is geared from inside
the body to outside the body the body to outside the body (e.g. (e.g. Chiropractic and Craniosacral Therapy (CST) Chiropractic and Craniosacral Therapy (CST)
ProactiveProactive (The Model Home)(The Model Home)
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Controlling the Senses and the Controlling the Senses and the ReflexesReflexes
The Central Nervous System (CNS), The Central Nervous System (CNS), comprised of the brain, brain stem, the comprised of the brain, brain stem, the
cranial nerves, the spinal cord and the nerve cranial nerves, the spinal cord and the nerve attachments controls the attachments controls the senses and the senses and the
reflexes.reflexes.
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CNS InvolvementCNS Involvement
Hear………………………………CN 8 (Vestibular Cochlear)Hear………………………………CN 8 (Vestibular Cochlear) See………………………..CN 2(Optic)..CN 3(Occulomotor), See………………………..CN 2(Optic)..CN 3(Occulomotor),
CN 4(Trochlear)..CN 6 (Abducens)CN 4(Trochlear)..CN 6 (Abducens) Taste………………………………..CN 9(Glossopharyngeal)Taste………………………………..CN 9(Glossopharyngeal) Touch……..............................Afferent and Spinal PathwaysTouch……..............................Afferent and Spinal Pathways Smell…………………………………………..CN 1 (Olfactory)Smell…………………………………………..CN 1 (Olfactory) Body Position...................CN 8, Brain stem and Spinal cordBody Position...................CN 8, Brain stem and Spinal cord Movement………………………..Brain stem and Spinal cordMovement………………………..Brain stem and Spinal cord
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Cranial Nerves InvolvementCranial Nerves Involvement
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CNS Structure and FunctionCNS Structure and Function
The Cranium and Spinal Cord are the boney The Cranium and Spinal Cord are the boney structures protecting the CNS.structures protecting the CNS.
Improper Improper ImproperImproper Improper Improper
Structure Function Sensory and Reflex Structure Function Sensory and Reflex ProcessingProcessing
(Alignment and Position) (Motion and Nerve Communication)(Alignment and Position) (Motion and Nerve Communication)
Improve Improve ImproveImprove Improve Improve Structure Function Sensory and Reflex ProcessingStructure Function Sensory and Reflex Processing
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The “PROFOUND” LinkThe “PROFOUND” Link
The CNS and its intimately related boney The CNS and its intimately related boney protective network form the profound link of protective network form the profound link of communication and functional interaction communication and functional interaction between an individual’s internal and external between an individual’s internal and external environments.environments.
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Craniosacral Therapy (CST)Craniosacral Therapy (CST)
Focuses on relieving pressure on the brain Focuses on relieving pressure on the brain and spinal cord through manual pressure and spinal cord through manual pressure techniques used at the cranium and sacrum.techniques used at the cranium and sacrum.
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The Craniosacral SystemThe Craniosacral System
Consists of membranes and cerebral spinal Consists of membranes and cerebral spinal fluid, which protect the CNS.fluid, which protect the CNS.
Restrictions in this system are detected, and Restrictions in this system are detected, and corrections are identified through manual corrections are identified through manual monitoring of the craniosacral rhythm monitoring of the craniosacral rhythm (CSR).(CSR).
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The Bones to the Senses and The Bones to the Senses and ReflexesReflexes
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The Bones in MotionThe Bones in Motion
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Variations in CSR.Variations in CSR.
Variations in the CSR (6-12 bpm) could Variations in the CSR (6-12 bpm) could indicated any number of motor, sensory, indicated any number of motor, sensory, reflex or neurological impairments, as well reflex or neurological impairments, as well as causes of pain.as causes of pain.
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The Chiropractic Approach to the CNS
Chiropractors identify the necessity for the reduction of Subluxations, and utilize gentle spinal pressure techniques called Adjustments in order to remove Subluxations.
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What are What are Subluxations?Subluxations?
CNS irritation characterized by:– Irregular boney mechanics or spinal misalignment– Nerves imbalances– Muscle irritations– Tissue inflammation– Degenerative wear
The poor structure or mechanics involved in creating The poor structure or mechanics involved in creating SubluxationsSubluxations results in poor motor, sensory, reflex and results in poor motor, sensory, reflex and neurological function, as well as causes of pain.neurological function, as well as causes of pain.
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A Step in the Right DirectionA Step in the Right Direction
75% of imperfections from poor foot 75% of imperfections from poor foot mechanics are transmitted up through the mechanics are transmitted up through the
spine via spine via Presso-receptorsPresso-receptors.. Digital Foot Scan…. OrthoticsDigital Foot Scan…. Orthotics
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The Best of Both WorldsThe Best of Both Worlds
CST and Chiropractic adjustments work to restore more appropriate motor, sensory, reflex and neurological input and therefore improve function.
Improve Structure Improve Function
Working inside to out and not outside to in.
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Synchronizing Structure and Synchronizing Structure and FunctionFunction
Primitive ReflexesPrimitive Reflexes CST ChiropracticCST Chiropractic
Postural ReflexesPostural Reflexes CST ChiropracticCST Chiropractic
Core ActivationCore Activation CST ChiropracticCST Chiropractic
Presso-ReceptorsPresso-Receptors OrthoticsOrthotics
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Homework: Primitive ReflexesHomework: Primitive Reflexes
StarburstStarburst Snow AngelSnow Angel Stomach FlyStomach Fly
Stomach TwistStomach Twist
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Homework: Postural ReflexesHomework: Postural Reflexes
* Gross motor function proceeds Fine motor function* Gross motor function proceeds Fine motor function* Exercise is in essence Gross motor function and correlates * Exercise is in essence Gross motor function and correlates
to higher academic achievementto higher academic achievement* Chiropractic has been shown to increase exercise * Chiropractic has been shown to increase exercise performance 2 to 4x’s when compared to exercise alone.performance 2 to 4x’s when compared to exercise alone.
The Better Alignment, Motion, Balance and The Better Alignment, Motion, Balance and Strengthen….The Better the Posture, Strengthen….The Better the Posture,
Health and Life.Health and Life.
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Measuring CNS FunctionMeasuring CNS Function
Health care practitioners are challenged to quantify variations of the CNS communication with SPD conditions.
Frequently conventional tests such as blood markers, MRI’s and EEG’s appear unremarkable.
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The CNS SimplifiedThe CNS Simplified
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Noninvasive Testing of the CNSNoninvasive Testing of the CNS
Infrared Thermography
Measures temperature variations along the spine as indications of imbalances in the Autonomic nervous system which result from subluxations within the CNS.
Surface Electromyography
Illustrates the effectiveness of motor nerves by measuring the amount of current at the muscle, with imbalances being indication of subluxations within the CNS.
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Infrared ThermographyInfrared Thermography
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Surface ElectromyographySurface Electromyography
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More ScansMore Scans
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Clarification:Clarification:
There is no HealthCare that is guaranteed or without risk.
However, Chiropractic and CST are among the most safe effective in benefiting the CNS.
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A Mom’s StoryA Mom’s StoryDear Parents,Dear Parents,
After a frustrating year of indifferent doctors After a frustrating year of indifferent doctors who ignored my concerns about my son, who ignored my concerns about my son, finding Dr Chapple was like a gift. finding Dr Chapple was like a gift.
Over weeks of therapy he has improved Over weeks of therapy he has improved considerably. He no longer cocks his considerably. He no longer cocks his head. Spins or presses his forehead head. Spins or presses his forehead onto me. onto me.
In Fact, we took him for a haircut, and for In Fact, we took him for a haircut, and for the first time he sat still for the whole the first time he sat still for the whole thing….No unfinished haircut, frantic thing….No unfinished haircut, frantic barber or parents.barber or parents.
It’s sad, but I had never really noticed that It’s sad, but I had never really noticed that he didn’t run very much before. When he didn’t run very much before. When he did…he ran on his toes with a very he did…he ran on his toes with a very awkward gait. Now he races around on awkward gait. Now he races around on his little feet for the sheer joy of running his little feet for the sheer joy of running that all children have.that all children have.
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More Resources:More Resources:
www.icpa4kids.com www.upledger.com
www.autismspeaks.com www.movementbasedlearning.com
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Some Help from Michelangelo…Some Help from Michelangelo…
““the danger that exist is not aiming to high the danger that exist is not aiming to high and reaching it, but aiming to low and and reaching it, but aiming to low and
achieving it.”achieving it.”
We can never aim to high for our childrenWe can never aim to high for our children
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The Structure and Function of The Structure and Function of Sensory Processing Disorders:Sensory Processing Disorders:
Working to BenefitWorking to Benefitfromfrom
ADD/ADHD to Autism ADD/ADHD to Autism
Charles W Chapple, DC, FICPACharles W Chapple, DC, FICPA360 E Irving Park RD, Roselle, IL360 E Irving Park RD, Roselle, IL
(630) 894-8778 (630) 894-8778 www.drchapple.com
Selected 2006-2008 “Guide To America’s Top Chiropractors”Selected 2006-2008 “Guide To America’s Top Chiropractors”2008 “ Five Star Excellence Award in Chiropractic”2008 “ Five Star Excellence Award in Chiropractic”
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AbstractAbstract
Reaching Sensory Processing Disorders: Working toReaching Sensory Processing Disorders: Working toBenefit ADD/ADHD to Autism through Structure and FunctionBenefit ADD/ADHD to Autism through Structure and Function
So frequently Sensory Processing Disorders: ADHD to Autism, areSo frequently Sensory Processing Disorders: ADHD to Autism, areaddressed through a variety of behavioral and biochemical approaches thataddressed through a variety of behavioral and biochemical approaches that
the significance of the biomechanical aspects of these conditions can bethe significance of the biomechanical aspects of these conditions can beunderestimated. Experts state that if a cluster of irregular nervous system underestimated. Experts state that if a cluster of irregular nervous system
reflexes remain unaddressed they will prevent ”sustained long term reflexes remain unaddressed they will prevent ”sustained long term improvement".improvement".
This presentation introduces the importance of the nervousThis presentation introduces the importance of the nervoussystem with its biomechanical relationships to the spine and cranium, andsystem with its biomechanical relationships to the spine and cranium, and
the noninvasive approaches of Chiropractic and Craniosacral therapy for thethe noninvasive approaches of Chiropractic and Craniosacral therapy for thebenefit of individuals struggling with sensory processing concerns and retainedbenefit of individuals struggling with sensory processing concerns and retained
primitive reflexes.primitive reflexes.