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1Chelmsford Amateur Radio SocietyIntermediate Licence Course
Murray Niman G6JYB Slide Set 3: v1.2 3-May-2009(3) Technical Basics -1: Components
Chelmsford Amateur Radio Chelmsford Amateur Radio Society Society
Intermediate CourseIntermediate Course(3) Technical Basics - (3) Technical Basics -
11ComponentsComponents
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2Chelmsford Amateur Radio SocietyIntermediate Licence Course
Murray Niman G6JYB Slide Set 3: v1.2 3-May-2009(3) Technical Basics -1: Components
Electronic Components
• Nature Amateur Radio applies Electronics to Wireless Communication
• Items Common Electronic Components Include:
– Resistors, inc Colour code
– Capacitors, Inductors, Resonant Circuits
– Diodes & LEDs
– Transistors
– Switches, Fuses, Connectors
• The Intermediate Licence expects you to be able to recognise components, their circuit symbols, and to build and test simple circuits
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3Chelmsford Amateur Radio SocietyIntermediate Licence Course
Murray Niman G6JYB Slide Set 3: v1.2 3-May-2009(3) Technical Basics -1: Components
• Conductors permit the flow of electric current– Examples: Copper, Brass etc - (ie mainly metals)
• Metallic Conductors permit electrons to flow easily, but beware of poor/oxidised connections (eg on Aluminium, Steel)
• Insulators don’t permit electron flow and exhibit high resistance. – Examples: Plastics, wood, rubber, glass, ceramics
• Water may conduct (esp. when impure) and that wet insulators therefore may conduct on their surface - a risk for outdoor work
• Semiconductors (Silicon, Germanium etc) barely conduct unless small dopants are added to create P or N-type materials
Insulators, Conductors & Semiconductors
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4Chelmsford Amateur Radio SocietyIntermediate Licence Course
Murray Niman G6JYB Slide Set 3: v1.2 3-May-2009(3) Technical Basics -1: Components
Electrical Units
Quantity Unit Symbol
Voltage, V Volt V aka Potential Difference
Current, I Amp A
Resistance, R Ohm Capacitance Farad F
Inductance Henry H
Power, P Watt W
Frequency, f Hertz Hz
Wavelength, Metre m
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5Chelmsford Amateur Radio SocietyIntermediate Licence Course
Murray Niman G6JYB Slide Set 3: v1.2 3-May-2009(3) Technical Basics -1: Components
Unit Prefixes
Factor SN Prefix Symbol
trillionths 10-12 pico p
billionths 10-9 nano n
millionths 10-6 micro or u
thousandths 10-3 milli m
thousands 103 kilo k
millions 106 Mega M
billions 109 Giga G
Examples: 25kV = 25000V 1500mA = 1.5A0.1uH = 100nH 2.45GHz = 2450MHz10pF = 0.01nF 0.5W = 500mW
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6Chelmsford Amateur Radio SocietyIntermediate Licence Course
Murray Niman G6JYB Slide Set 3: v1.2 3-May-2009(3) Technical Basics -1: Components
Power
Relates Power, PVoltage, V Current, I
P=VxI V=P/I I=P/V
P Watts
V Volts I Amps
Recall from Foundation…
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7Chelmsford Amateur Radio SocietyIntermediate Licence Course
Murray Niman G6JYB Slide Set 3: v1.2 3-May-2009(3) Technical Basics -1: Components
Ohms Law
Relates Voltage, V Current, I Resistance, R
V=IxR I=V/R R=V/I
V Volts
I Amps R Ohms
NB: Take care when quantities in formulas use unit prefixes
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8Chelmsford Amateur Radio SocietyIntermediate Licence Course
Murray Niman G6JYB Slide Set 3: v1.2 3-May-2009(3) Technical Basics -1: Components
• Batteries provide a source of DC power
• Note symbols for Single Cells or Battery Packs
• Cells store electrical energy by chemical means
• Primary Cells can only be used once.
• Secondary cells can be recharged. This reverses the chemical reaction eg in Lead Acid, NiCd, LiMH
• Beware of Leakage, Shorts esp on Lead-Acid
• Dispose of carefully
Cells & Batteries
Cell
Battery
+
-
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9Chelmsford Amateur Radio SocietyIntermediate Licence Course
Murray Niman G6JYB Slide Set 3: v1.2 3-May-2009(3) Technical Basics -1: Components
• Fixed Resistors traditionally identified by Colour Code for Value & Tolerance
• Note that the modern BSI Symbol is preferred to the zigzag
Resistors
Resistor
VariableResistor
PresetResistor
Potentiometer
• Note all the symbols opposite for the various forms
• Check Wattage Rating
No
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10Chelmsford Amateur Radio SocietyIntermediate Licence Course
Murray Niman G6JYB Slide Set 3: v1.2 3-May-2009(3) Technical Basics -1: Components
• First two Bands give Value Digits
• Third Band is the Multiplier for Factor of Ten
• Fourth Band is Tolerance
• Example:-
Resistor Colour Code
12 x1000= 12k, 10%
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11Chelmsford Amateur Radio SocietyIntermediate Licence Course
Murray Niman G6JYB Slide Set 3: v1.2 3-May-2009(3) Technical Basics -1: Components
• Resistors in Series:-
Rtotal = R1+ R2+ R3 . . .
Resistors in Series/Parallel
• Resistors in Parallel:-
1/Rtotal = 1/R1+1/R2+1/R3 . . .
• For Identical Resistors this simplifies to...
• For Two Resistors: Rtotal = R/2
• For Three Resistors: Rtotal = R/3
R1 R2 R3
R1
R2
R3
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12Chelmsford Amateur Radio SocietyIntermediate Licence Course
Murray Niman G6JYB Slide Set 3: v1.2 3-May-2009(3) Technical Basics -1: Components
• Inductors are Coils of Wire which may have air or ferrite/iron cores
• Energy is stored in the magnetic field
• Inductance is proportional to number of turns, diameter, core etc
• Inductance is in Henries eg mH, nH, pH
• Inductors pass DC but increasingly block AC at higher frequencies
• Pairs of coils can be used to create Transformers – for PSUs, RF circuits etc
Inductors & Transformers
Transformer
Air-Core Inductor
Iron-Cored Inductor
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13Chelmsford Amateur Radio SocietyIntermediate Licence Course
Murray Niman G6JYB Slide Set 3: v1.2 3-May-2009(3) Technical Basics -1: Components
• Capacitors are insulated plates, which can store electric charge and energy in the electric field
• Larger plate areas, the nature of materials between the plates or smaller plate separation will give higher capacitance
• Capacitance is in Farads eg uF, nF, pF
• Capacitors block DC but increasingly pass AC at higher frequencies
• Beware Voltage rating and polarity of Tantalum/Electrolytic versions
• Note all the symbols opposite
Capacitors
Capacitor
VariableCapacitor
PolarisedCapacitor
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14Chelmsford Amateur Radio SocietyIntermediate Licence Course
Murray Niman G6JYB Slide Set 3: v1.2 3-May-2009(3) Technical Basics -1: Components
• Diodes are PN Junctions of semiconductor materials which only pass current one way
• Diodes are a key item in PSUs where they rectify AC into DC
• Note Forward Current and Reverse Voltage ratings, and a small forward bias Voltage Drop
• LEDs - Light Emitting Diodes
• Variable Capacitance Diodes – exploits PN Junction Capacitance when reverse biased
• Zener Diodes - have a precise Reverse Voltage
Diodes
Varicap Diodes
Diode LED
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15Chelmsford Amateur Radio SocietyIntermediate Licence Course
Murray Niman G6JYB Slide Set 3: v1.2 3-May-2009(3) Technical Basics -1: Components
• Bipolar Transistors are NPN or PNP junctions of semiconductor material
• Middle section is the ‘Base’. A small bias current can control a larger flow between Collector and Emitter
• In FET devices current flow between Drain and Source is controlled Electrostatically by the Gate voltage
• Depending on the circuit, Transistors can Amplify or Switch - or Oscillate
• Integrated Circuits have arrays of many Transistors on a single chip
Transistors
c
e
b
Bipolar NPN Transistor
sg
d
P-Channel Field Effect Transistor (FET)
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16Chelmsford Amateur Radio SocietyIntermediate Licence Course
Murray Niman G6JYB Slide Set 3: v1.2 3-May-2009(3) Technical Basics -1: Components
• Current flow in the Collector (IC) to the Emitter can be controlled by a smaller bias current in the Base, IB
• If levels are set correctly, small variations in base current are amplified at the output
• Current Gain or ‘Beta’ is the ratio of IC/IB
ß = IC / IB
or, IC = ß x IB
• For example, a base current of 5mA in a device with Beta=50 controls an IC of 0.25A
Transistor Gain
collector
emitter
base
NPN Transistor
IC
IB
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17Chelmsford Amateur Radio SocietyIntermediate Licence Course
Murray Niman G6JYB Slide Set 3: v1.2 3-May-2009(3) Technical Basics -1: Components
• Also need to recognise symbols for Switches, Grounds, Crystals etc, etc
Miscellaneous
Earth EarphoneLampChassis
Crystal
Antenna
Microphone
LoudspeakerFuse
Switch SPST
Switch DPST
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18Chelmsford Amateur Radio SocietyIntermediate Licence Course
Murray Niman G6JYB Slide Set 3: v1.2 3-May-2009(3) Technical Basics -1: Components
• Recognise Resistors by Colour Code
• Measure Resistors in Series
• Measure Resistors in Parallel
• Learn to Recognise other Components
• Soldering - correctly without damage
• Build and test board with resistors and transistor
Practicals