Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear and Explosive Issues
CBRNE
for Veterinary Professionals
Module 3
Colorado Veterinary Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Medical Reserve
CorpsCorps
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
CO VMRC Training Program
Unit 1: Overview of animal emergency management for veterinary professionals
Unit 2: Biodefense and biological risk management
Unit 3: Overview of CBRNE Hazards for Veterinary Professionals
Unit 4: Personal preparedness and contingency planning
Each module lasts approximately 90 minutes, with 15 minute breaks and 1 hour for lunch
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Learning objectives
1. Define CBRNE and terrorism2. Describe the potential impacts of CBRNE events
on animals/agriculture3. Identify the classes of chemical hazards4. Identify antidotes for nerve agents5. Identify Biological hazards6. Identify radiological and nuclear threats 7. List the classes of radioactive particles8. List key challenges related to animals in
radiological events9. List basic animal decontamination needs and
challenges
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Objectives, continued
9. Identify the basic physiology of explosive blast injuries
10. List the four levels of personal protective equipment
11. Briefly describe foreign animal disease threats12. Identify the key operational branches in a FAD
response13. Describe the basic biosecurity concerns for FAD
emergency responders 14. Describe how to don and doff basic biological
PPE 15. List the core issues for use of respiratory PPE
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
CBRNE
Chemical Biological Radiological Nuclear Explosive
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
TerrorismTerrorism
The unlawful use of force or violence committed by a group or individual against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives.
--U.S. Department of Justice
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Terrorism: animal impacts
Secondary animal/ag impacts in general attack Primary attack on livestock/animals Attack on a specific company or industry
Domestic terrorism Targeting animal or human food supply in a covert
attack Public health threats Public confidence in food supply Economic impacts Illustrated in general by recent pet food
contamination incident
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Chemical threats
Military chemical weapons Nerve agents
Tabun, Sarin, VX, Vesicant or blistering agents
Mustard gas, Lewisite Blood agents (cyanide compounds)
Industrial/other chemicals Chlorine, phosgene, ammonia, cyanide, nitric
acid Pesticides
Misc. Methamphetamine byproducts, mace, tear gas
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Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Tokyo subway attack, 1995
Sarin (nerve agent) AUM Shinrikyo group
Shoko Asahara
• 12 deaths• 990 treated• 9000 panic
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Treatment of OP Poisoning
AntidotesAntidotes• AtropineAtropine• 2-PAM Cl2-PAM Cl• DiazepamDiazepam
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Canine nerve agent antidotes
Atropine: 0.2 - 2 mg/kg IM. 30 kg (66#) canine, IM = 6 to 60 mg Mark I injector contains only 2 mg!
2-PAM Chloride: 10 - 20 mg/kg IM 30 kg canine = 300 to 600 mg. The Mark I injector contains 600 mg (The LD50
for dogs is 190 mg/kg, so the injector dose should be relatively safe for dogs over 10kg)
Diazepam: 0.2 - 2 mg/kg IV for seizure control, used to
effect. The CANA injector contains only 2 mg for IM use IM diazepam in dogs unpredictably absorbed
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Chemical agents: Agriculture
Wisconsin 1996 National By-Products, Inc. Deliberate contamination
of product with chlordane (insecticide)
Perpetrator was a business rival
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Natural “CBRNE-like” eventWyoming/CO border, 2004 600 elk dead or dying
with signs of paralysis No other species Eventual ID as:
Xanthoparmelia chlorochroa
Lichen intoxication
Walter Cook, Merl Raisbeck, Todd Cornish, Elizabeth Williams, Benge Brown, Greg Hiatt, and Terry Kreeger (in press): Paresis and death in elk (Cervus elaphus) due to lichen intoxication in Wyoming. Journal of Wildlife Diseases
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Melamine ???
Wednesday, May 23, 2007 On March 16, 2007, Menu Foods recalled more than 60 million cans and pouches of pet food that it are marketed under a variety of brand names.
The company acted after receiving reports from owners that their pets had become ill.
New York Times
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Should you enter a building with this on the door?
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National Fire Protection Association NFPA Hazardous Material Diamond
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Material Safety Data Sheets
MSDS forms contain the following:
Section 1 - Product and Company Identification Section 9 - Physical & Chemical Properties
Section 2 - Composition/Information on Ingredients
Section 10 - Stability & Reactivity Data
Section 3 - Hazards Identification Including Emergency Overview
Section 11 - Toxicological Information
Section 4 - First Aid Measures Section 12 - Ecological Information
Section 5 - Fire Fighting Measures Section 13 - Disposal Considerations
Section 6 - Accidental Release Measures Section 14 - MSDS Transport Information
Section 7 - Handling and Storage Section 15 - Regulatory Information
Section 8 - Exposure Controls & Personal Protection
Section 16 - Other Information
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Anhydrous Ammonia
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Biological Agents
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
History of bio-warfare: examples
Examples 1346: Caffa (Crimea) – human plague cadavers
catapulted into castle under siege Infected defenders fled, helped to trigger Black
Death 1763: Fort Pitt, Pennsylvania, smallpox infected blankets given to Delaware Indians
WWII: Japanese test anthrax, typhoid, cholera and plague as weapons in China
US (2001): Use of anthrax spores through the mail
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
WWI: German use of glanders against 3500 horses in US bound for Europe
Afghanistan (1980s): Soviet Union suspected of using glanders against Mujaheddin horses
Livestock Disease Agents as Bioweapons
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Bio-weapons programs
United States: Discontinued offensive program in 1969 1972: US and 100+
nations sign treaty banning biological weapons
Former Soviet Union Massive program
Iraq (?) Al Qaeda in Afghanistan
200+ documents found in caves related to bioterrorism
Pandora (Dante Gabriel Rossetti, 1869)
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Animal agricultural vulnerabilities
Pre-production Water, medications Feed, fertilizers
Production Farms & ranches Concentrated
operations Exhibits Transportation and
markets Processing
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Significant disease agents
Foot and Mouth Disease Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Classical Swine Fever Rift Valley Fever Burkholderia (Glanders, melioidosis) Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Exotic Newcastle Disease
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Foot and Mouth Disease
Cloven-hoofed animals (ungulates) Cattle, sheep, pigs, goats, wildlife
Virus: One of the most contagious diseases known Incubation 4-5 days Fever, vesicles (blisters) Mouth, nose, teats, feet
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
FMD outbreaks
Great Britain, 2001 Over 3 million animals culled Over 8000 infected premises Cost over $5 billion US + tourism impacts
Uruguay, 2000 6900 animals culled 24 million doses of vaccine used Costs of $247 million US
Taiwan, 1997 $1.4 billion US, entire swine industry
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
“Mad Cow Disease” Prion (protein) agent Spread by cattle feeds
with bovine proteins added Prevention by feed bans Over 150 human cases
Mostly UK and European nations
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
The Cow that stole Christmas
Christmas Eve 2003 1 positive cow in Washington
State Canadian origin Older than feed ban No human exposure
Over 3 Billion in trade impacts Additional cases found
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Classical Swine Fever (Hog Cholera)
Viral agent Swine Acute and chronic infections Acute:
Fever, loss of appetite Erythema of skin Staggering, weakness, death
Great Britain: 2000 16 infected premises
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Rift Valley Fever
Signs in animals: Fever, diarrhea, jaundice, loss of appetite, nasal
discharge, death Highly infectious for people
Varies from mild signs to hemorrhagic fever, meningioencephalitis, ocular disease, jaundice, and death.
Viral agent, direct and vector spreadSheep, goats, cattle, buffalo, rodents, and many other species
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Burkholderia
Burkholderia mallei (Glanders) Horses, carnivores,
people Burkholderia pseudomallei
(Melioidosis) (Whitmore’s disease) Cattle, sheep, goats,
people Respiratory and
abscessation disease
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Avian Diseases
Highly Pathogenic Highly Pathogenic Avian InfluenzaAvian Influenza
Exotic Newcastle Disease
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
=Extremely sick/dead birds
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Exotic Newcastle Disease
All birds Often sub-clinical in wild
birds and psittacine birds (parrots, etc.)
Domestic poultry very susceptible
Hemorrhagic GI lesions Neurological and respiratory
signs mortality and sudden
death
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
END Outbreak, U.S. 2002-2003
4 million poultry destroyed Over $150 million in direct
costs 15,000 response personnel
Up to 2500 at one time Smuggled parrots?
fighting fowl backyard poultry commercial
Biosecurity standards correlated to infection rates
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza
Virus: Influenza A Severe in chickens and
turkeys Less severe in ducks/wild
birds Depression, appetite,
thirst Diarrhea, respiratory
disease, death Some strains are zoonotic
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Potential of weaponized agents
Increased virulence Resistance to antimicrobials Environmental durability Increase host range
• People• Animals
“Known” disease behavior may not apply!
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Weaponization
Genetic selection Serial passage of microbial stains to
select for desired characteristics Genetic engineering
Mixing pathogen genes Adding resistance factors Potentially VERY DANGEROUS
Opening Pandora’s Box
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Bio-toxins
Non-living agents from a biological source: Clostridial toxins
Botulinum neurotoxin Perfringens epsilon toxin
Staphyloccocal enterotoxins Mycotoxins
Aflatoxins, T-2 toxin Shigatoxin (E. coli) Others (Ricin)
Use more like a chemical attack
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Hoaxes & false alarms:
Commodity markets are driven by investor perceptions
Public perception drives consumer markets
Impacts of credible threats and false alarms may be initially similar to actual events
“Proving the negative” may be a tremendous challenge
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Kansas FMD scare: 3-12-02
Holton Livestock Market Veterinarian reported lesions potentially
consistent with FMD• Precautionary action• Not highly suspect
Rumor of 9 infected cows spread quickly (hours)
Estimated market impact of 50 million dollars
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Radiological threats
Radiological dispersion device “Dirty bomb”
Intentional radiological contamination of people, animals, food, water or the environment
Accidental contamination
Alexander Litvinenko
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Radiological agents
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Nuclear threats
Military attacks Terrorist/criminal attacks Impacts
Mass casualties Catastrophic
infrastructure damage Incident of national
significance
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Radiological/NuclearAnimal/Ag impacts
Direct casualties Companion animals
Evacuation Decontamination Sheltering Search & Rescue
Livestock Decon vs euthanasia
and disposal Food safety issues
Resource prioritization!
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Radiation Protection Principles
Time Distance Shielding Quantity Route
External vs internal
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Explosive attacksExplosive attacks
Examples Oklahoma City NY, DC, PA
9-11-01 Primary
Targeting persons at the site
Secondary device Targeting
responders
Alfred P. Murrah Building, Oklahoma City, 1995
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Blast Physics and Physiology
Blast Pressure Wave (Friedlander wave form) Detonation. Blast Overpressure
(BOP). Exponential decay. Positive Pressure
Phase. Negative Pressure
Phase.
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Blast Physics and Physiology
Associated PSI’s with injury 2 – 5 - Tympanic membrane rupture. 15 - Lung damage threshold. 30 - 40 - Lethality threshold.
Blast Winds Generated by the rapidly expanding gases
displacing air. Maximum speeds < 1500 mph.
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Blast injuries
1. Primary: from blast wave injury to tissues Mainly affects organ systems with a high
air to fluid ratio (auditory, pulmonary and GI.)
2. Secondary injuries: from bomb fragments or flying debris
3. Tertiary: victim propelled into stationary objects
4. Other: Burns, smoke, radiation
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Principles of Veterinary Triage
General medical triage nomenclature Green: Minor (walking wounded) Yellow: Delayed treatment OK Red: Needs immediate care Black: Dead/going to die
Veterinary professionals would triage for animals and potentially could triage people in catastrophic situations.
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
DecontaminationDecontamination
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Decontamination zones
WIND
HOT ZONEIncident
WARM ZONEEvacuation and decontamination
Cold ZoneSafe area
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Decontamination:Decontamination:Equipment and vehiclesEquipment and vehicles
• Two step process1. Cleaning2. Application of suitable disinfectant or
neutralizing agent as needed• Considerations:
1. Location2. Equipment3. Corrosion4. Environmental concerns (runoff)5. Temperature/humidity
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Decontamination resources
HAZMAT equipment Fire-fighting equipment Food/agricultural operation
decontamination equipment Personal protective equipment Trained responders Disinfectant sources:
Manufactures Distributors
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Decontamination: People
Portable decon showers/HAZMAT resources
Scale Limited Major Catastrophic
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Decontamination Premises
Debris removal Manure, bedding,
feed Non-cleanable
materials Junk
Cleaning Disinfection Environmental testing
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Animal Decontamination
Biological Chemical Radiological Decontamination vs.
euthanasia
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Animal Decontamination Considerations Animal issues
Susceptible v. non-susceptible Food animals v. companion animals Restraint, sedation
Human issues Human-animal bond Cultural/language challenges
Resource availability! Environmental/regulatory issues
Euthanasia may be a reasonable decision in some cases
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Web resources:
Environmental Protection Agency: http://www.epa.gov/epahome/laws.htm
Occupational Safety and Health Administration http://www.osha.gov/
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/homepage.html
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
NIOSH Agricultural CentersNational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/agctrhom.html
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Equipment and training mandated by OSHA and other agencies
• For all personnel who have a recognized risk of exposure to hazardous materials
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
General OSHA requirements:
Section 5(a)(1) of the OSH Act, often referred to as the General Duty Clause, requires employers to "furnish to each of his employees employment and a place of employment which are free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to his employees". Section 5(a)(2) requires employers to "comply with occupational safety and health standards promulgated under this Act".
What is PPE?
Personal Protective Equipment PPE= Articles worn or equipment used in order to protect wearer from harmful contaminants in environment
Provides a shield between you and agent Must prevent/reduce exposure to
airborne or surface agents
4 Levels A>B>C>D4 Levels A>B>C>D
Level A
Highest level of respiratory, skin, eye, and mucous membrane protection
Fully-encapsulated, vapor-tight, chemical-resistant suit
Chemical-resistant boots
Chemical-resistant inner/outer gloves
Coveralls, hard hat
Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
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Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Level B
Highest level of respiratory protection
Lesser degree of skin and eye protection
disposable chemical-resistant coveralls or fully- encapsulated, non-vapor-tight suit and SCBA
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Level C
Lesser level of respiratory, skin, eye, and mucous membrane protection
Full face-piece
Powered, air-purifying, respirator (PAPR) or passive filter respirator
Chemical resistant clothing
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Level D
Ranges from a work uniform to basic biological barrier protections
Respiratory protection: None “Dust mask”
No vapor protection Simple barrier skin
protection
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
When do veterinary professionals need PPE?
Anytime they will be exposed to potentially harmful agents Biological Chemical Radiological Mechanical Noise
http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/hazardcommunications/index.html
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Risk Assessment
Determining what hazards exist that would necessitate PPE for veterinary personnel Mechanical
Animal handling Noise
Kennels, swine Chemical
Disinfectants, chemotherapy drugs OSHA “Right to Know” requirements
Biological Radiological
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Basic veterinary bio-protectionLevel C-/D+
Barrier apparel Tyvek, apron, etc.
Footwear Gloves Head gear Goggles N-95 or better
respirator when needed
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Barriers
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Gloves
Barrier, chemical and mechanical protection consideration
Latex allergies common Challenges related to duct
tape and disposable gloves! Work gloves added for
mechanical protection
Latex Nitrile Vinyl
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Goggles
Non-vented (fogging) Direct vented (limited
disease agent protection)
Indirect vented (best for zoonotic risk)
May interfere with respirator fit!
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Foot protection
Considerations Water resistance Mechanical durability Traction Cleanable vs.
disposable Disposable shoe/boot
covers Not durable, may be
very slick May need to double
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Head covers
Options Hooded coveralls Bouffant caps Hard hats Other
Cold weather may necessitate combining with stocking cap underneath
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Surgical masks
What does this provide?
Provide splash/barrier protection
Currently not OSHA approved for respiratory protection (although may provide limited protection)
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Respiratory PPE
For N-95 masks and better:1. Each employee must complete OSHA standard
medical questionnaire (information confidentiality must be protected per HIPPA)
2. Questionnaires must be reviewed by a physician
3. Some may be required to have a physical 4. Must be trained and fit tested5. Repeat every two years
The OSHA Respiratory Protection Standard available at
www.osha.gov29 CFR 1910.134
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Specific exposure reduction percentages
N-95 filtering face piece 75% N-100 filtering face piece 90% Half face APR 90% Full face APR 50 98% Loose fitting hooded PAPR 96% Full face PAPR (tight) 98% SCBA 99+%Note: APR = Air Purifying Respirator
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Voluntary use of respirators
When not required by OSHA
Employer or employee provided
Not required: Fit testing Medical clearance
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Fit testing: N-95 Respirators
Qualitative fit testing Separate test for each
brand/size! Procedure
Hoods Detect taste of
nebulized solutions 15-60 min per person
Repeat annually Quantitative testing
now available for filter masks
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Challenges related to PPE
1. Cost of PPE, med clearance and training Inventory of needed make/model/size
2. Heat/humidity/medical risks Limits for time in PPE based on temp,
humidity, person’s physical limits
3. Restricted dexterity 30% decrease in productivity
4. Enforcement of policies5. Public perceptions/fears
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
General responder health and safety rules of thumb….
If you don’t think you should….. DON’TDON’T
If asked to do something that…. You are not qualified for You think is dangerous DON’TDON’T
1. Find appropriate personnel/equip2. Seek appropriate supervision3. Report to safety officer if unresolved
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Foreign Animal Disease Response Flowchart
4-24 hrs
8-36 hrs
16-96 hrs
Suspicious case reported
FADDInvestigates
Hold/quarantine(as needed)
Sample for FADDL(regional & national)
If positive DX:Plan Activation
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Animal Disease Response Tasks
Clinical diagnosis & laboratory confirmation
Quarantine Surveillance
Healthy, sick, & dead animals
Epidemiology Animal ID systems Tracing
Appraisal/indemnity
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Response Tasks (cont)
Mortality Management Decontamination & repopulation Movement permits & compliance
agreements animals, products, waste
Biosecurity & producer education
Mental health considerations Public outreach Recovery
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Disease Eradication v. Agribusiness Continuity
Need to win the war, not just the battle Agribusiness continuity:
Removal of infected animals/product Mitigate impacts on economy Preserve uninfected herds when possible Allow untainted products to reach
markets Protect related sectors as possible
Effective/accurate public messaging Return to disease free status
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
MortalityManagement
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Euthanasia methodsEuthanasia methods
Barbiturate injection Cost/environmental hazard
Carbon dioxide Poultry – Soluble Foam
Captive bolt/firearms Cost effective Mass euthanasia of livestock
Others Per AVMA guidelines Foam “depopulation”
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Biomass Management Options
Methods: Burial Rendering Incineration Composting Alkali digestion Anaerobic digestion and
bio-fuels conversion Other
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Mortality Management Factors: Summary
Disease type Location Numbers Accessibility Environmental regulations Equipment availability Manpower & time. Soil types Expense
Waterways Water table Permits Capacity Transportation Biosecurity Fuel Public Health Esthetics
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Mortality Management Resources
http://fss.k-state.edu/research/books/carcassdisp.html
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
Additional training:
Biological, Nuclear, Incendiary, Chemical and Explosive: Colorado BNICE Center Clinical care course Field awareness and operations courses www.bnice.org
AGERT Agricultural Emergency
Response Training: Noble Training Center, Anniston, AL
Arranged through Colorado Division of Emergency Management
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
CSU Foreign Animal Disease Course
Annual program for practitioners Supported by Colorado Department of
Agriculture/USDA 1 week course to provide increased skills
related to the diagnosis and eradication of foreign animal diseases
Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps, Overview of CBRNE Threats for Veterinary Professionals, Module 3, Version 5-07
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