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CHEMICAL
FOUNDATIONS OF LIFE
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METALIC BONDING-a group of nucleisurrounded by a sea of mobile electrons
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*Non- covalent bond thistype of bond does not involvethe sharing of pairs of
electrons but rather involvesmore dispersed variations ofelectromagnetic interactions.
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INTERMOLECULARFORCES OF ATTRACTION
Ion- dipole force is an attractive forceof an ion with a polar molecule or
neutral molecule. It is commonly foundin solutions. Cation attracts the partiallynegative end of a neutral polar moleculeand an anion attracts the partially
positive end of a neutral polar molecule.Ex. Dissolving any ionic compound inwater
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Ion- dipole force
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INTERMOLECULARFORCES OF ATTRACTION
Dipole- dipole forces- is the interaction ofneutral and polar covalent molecules where
the positive end of one molecule isattracted to the negative end of anothermolecule. The greater the polarity thestronger the dipole- dipole attraction. Thisattraction is very weak and has a low
melting and boiling point temperatures. Ex.HCl
*polarity- the difference inelectronegativity of the atoms in themolecule
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Dipole- dipole forces
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INTERMOLECULARFORCES OF ATTRACTION
Induced- dipole force- polar moleculeinteracting with a nonpolar molecule
producing an electric field which candistort the electron cloud of a nearbymolecule.
*dipole- induced dipole force-
interaction with a permanent dipolesuch as that with another polarmolecule. It is responsible for thesolubility of oxygen in water
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Induced- dipole force
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INTERMOLECULARFORCES OF ATTRACTION
London dispersion force- occursbetween neutral and/or nonpolar
molecules. All molecules have thecapability to form this type of forcewhich depends on the surface area ofthe molecule. These are the only types
of forces that nonpolar molecules canform.
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London dispersionforce
London forces are increased by: Ability of an atom or molecule to form a
dipole
Size of the atom where it includes thenumber of electrons in the atom molecule
*dispersion- is an intermolecular forcebetween all molecules. These forces arethe result of the movement of electrons
which cause slight polar moments.Dispersion forces are generally weak. Asthe molecular weight increases, thestrength of the force also increases.
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London dispersionforce
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TYPE EXAMPLECovalent chemical bonds C-Cl bond in CCl4
Ionic chemical bonds Bond between Na+ and Cl-in NaCl
Metallic chemical bonds Bond between Na atoms inNa(s)
Noncovalent bonds
Ion dipole bonds Force between a Na+ ionand a water molecule
Dipole dipole bond Force between 2 like orunlike polar molecules suchas two acetone molecules oran acetone molecule and achloroform molecule
Hydrogen bond Force between 2 water
molecules
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TYPES EXAMPLE
Induced Dipole Force between a watermolecule and a CO2molecule
London Dispersion Force Force between two nonpolarmolecules of I2
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Hydrophobic and
hydrophilic interactionsHydrophilic interactions- are
interactions between water and otherpolar molecules. It has charged particles
that are attracted to the charges withinthe water molecule forming hydrogenbond. The positive sodium ion interactswith the partial negative region of the
water molecule. The negatively chargedchloride ion interacts with the partiallypositive part of the water molecule.
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Hydrophobic and
hydrophilic interactions Hydrophobic interactions- are the repulsion ofmolecule from water. A non-polar moleculeinteracts with a neutral molecule and/or nonpolarsolvent. Ex. Alkenes, oils, fats and greasysubstances in general.
Amphiphile- is a chemical compound thatfunctions as both hydrophilic and hydrophobicproperties. Often called amphiphilic oramphipathic. Frequently symbolized by a balland a zigzag line structure. The ball represents
the hydrophobic polar head and the zigzagrepresents the non-polar hydrophobic tail. Ex.Plasma membrane
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Water- a major component of the earthssurface. It is a polar molecule because it is
slightly negative charge at the oxygen anda slightly positive charge at the hydrogenend. It stabilize temperature because it canabsorb considerable heat before or during
changing temperature. An excellent solvent
Has high cohesion
High surface tension
Strong capillary action
High specific heat capacity
Very dense at 4 degrees Celsius
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A hydrogen ion, H+, is a single proton
with a charge of +1. While ahydroxide ion, OH- has a charge of -1.
ACID NEUTRAL BASE
pH 1.00- 6.99 7.0 7.01- 14.0
Acid is a substance that increases theconcentration of hydrogen ions in a solution. Havegreater free hydrogen concentration.
Base is a substance that reduces hydrogen ionconcentration in a solution. Have less freehydrogen concentration.
pH of1 is very acidic while a pH of14 is verybasic. A pH that is neither acidic nor basic ispH of 7 which is pure water.
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COMPUTATION:
pH= -log[H+] negative log of the
hydrogen ion concentrationpOH= -log[OH-] using the hydroxide-
ion concentration
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MONOSACCHARIDESGlucose- known as dextrose and is the
major energy source in the body
Fructose- which is also called levulose orfruit sugar
Galactose- which is derived from milksugar
They may have same empirical formula,C6H2O6, but different structural
formulas
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DISACCHARIDES Sucrose- which is ordinary table sugar;
glucose + fructose= sucrose
Lactose- which is found only in milk;glucose + galactose= lactose
Maltose- used mainly in brewing in beerproduction; glucose + glucose= maltose
*monosaccharides and disaccharides aresoluble in water, taste sweet and have low
molecular weight
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OLIGOSACCHARIDES are CHO that are composed of two to
ten monosaccharides. It is a broad
classification that includesdisaccharides. Ex. Fructooligosaccharidewhich serves as a food for the beneficialbacteria of the intestine
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POLYSACCHARIDES
(a.) Glycogen- also known as animalstarch and is the storage form of CHO inthe human body
(b.) Chitin- main component of the cellwalls of fungi, exoskeleton ofarthropods, such as crustaceans andinsects, ants, beetles and butterflies.
(c.) Cellulose- which is the indigestiblepart of plants and a source of fiber inthe diet
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ATHEROSCLEROSIS
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LIPIDS
FUNCTIONS:
Concentrated source of energy, providingabout 50% of the total calories in the diet
Dietary essential fatty acids
Vehicle for the efficient absorption of the fat-soluble vitamins ADEK
Source of non protein calories that enablesprotein to be spared for the maintenance andbuilding of body tissue
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AMINO ACIDSESSENTIAL NON-ESSENTIAL CONDITIONALLY-
ESSENTIAL
HISTIDINE ARGININE ARGININE
ISOLEUCINE ASPARAGINE CYSTINE
LEUCINE ASPARTIC ACID GLYCINE
LYSINE GLUTAMIC ACID PROLINE
METHIONINE SERINE TYROSINE
PHENYLALANINE
THREONINE
TRYPTOPHAN
VALINE
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RNA
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DNA VS. RNA