Download - Chemical hazard What is a Chemical Hazard?
Chemical hazard
What is a Chemical Hazard?
Any chemical that can cause illness, injury, or an emergency.
Chemical Hazards
Physical Health
Chemical health hazard
Irritants Corrosives Sensitizer Target-Organ Chemicals
Nephrotoxins Hepatotoxins NeurotoxinsAgents
which act on the blood
Agents which
damage the lungs
Eye hazards
Reproductive Carcinogens
Physical hazard
Fire hazard
pyrophorics oxidizersflammabl
eCombustible
s
Explosive Reactive chemicals
Water reactive Unstable
Chemical Health Effects
Irritants: Inflame skin or eye tissues on contact.
Corrosives: Destroy skin tissue at point of contact.
Sensitizers: Cause allergic reactions in normal tissue after exposure.
Target-Organ Chemicals: Damage specific body organs and systems.
Reproductive Hazards: Change genetic information in egg or sperm
cells and/or damage fetus after conception.
Carcinogens: Cause cancer.
.Is the inflammation results from concentrations low
concentration (far below those needed to cause corrosion).
Common irritants include substances such as: 1. ammonia2. alkaline dusts and mists3. epoxy resins4. ozone 5. nitrogen dioxide6. phosphorus chloride
Irritants
2 -Corrosive
Visible damage, or irreversible damage to body tissue Acids
Caustics (or bases)
Hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid
pH Scale
1 147Acids
Caustics (or bases)
3-Target organ effect
Agents which act on the blood4
Hepatotoxins1
Neurotoxins 3
Nephrotoxins2
Agents which damage the lungs5
Eye hazards6
Chemicals which produce liver damage
Example : Carbon Tetrachloride, nitrosamines
1 -Hepatotoxins
2-Nephrotoxins
Chemicals which produce kidney damage
Examples: Halogenated Hydrocarbons, uranium
3 -Neurotoxins
Chemicals which produce their primary toxic effects on the nervous system
Examples: Mercury, carbon disulfide, lead
5 -Agents which act on the blood
Decrease hemoglobin function, deprive the body tissues of oxygen
Examples : Carbon monoxide, cyanides
6 -Agents which damage the lungs
Chemicals which damage pulmonary tissue Signs and Symptoms: Cough, tightness in the chest, loss of breath
Chemicals: Asbestos (Mg3Si2O5(OH)4), silica
Reproductive Hazards
• Chemicals which damage reproductive capabilities
• Includes chromosomal damage (mutations) and
damage to fetuses (teratogenesis)
• Signs and Symptoms: Birth defects, sterility
• Chemicals examples: Lead
Carcinogens
A “carcinogen” commonly refers to any agent that can initiate or speed the development of malignant tumors
Carcinogens commonly used in significant quantities include formaldehyde (Formalin solutions), benzene, ethylene oxide, and chloroform.
physical health hazard
Fire hazard ExplosiveReactive chemicals
Flammable hazarded material• What are flammable and combustible liquids?• Flammable and combustible liquids are present in
almost every workplace. Fuels and many common products like solvents, thinners, cleaners, adhesives, paints, waxes and polishes may be flammable or combustible liquids
What is a flashpoint?
The flashpoint of a liquid is the lowest temperature at which the liquid gives off enough vapors to be ignited (start burning)
Flammable Chemicals• Examples: diethyl ether, acetone, hexanes, ethanol,
methanol• flammability rating is given by a number 4-0 in• flammability rating of diethyl ether is "4" while acetone, methanol, ethanol, and hexanes are "3". • Ether is extremely flammable and any spark or simply
heat can ignite it.• flammable liquid have Flashing point <22.8 0C• Combustibles liquid have Flashing point > 22.8 0C
flammable material Protection
• Never use ether in a lab that has an open flame anywhere in the room.
• Be careful not to spill any flammable solvent (especially ether) on a heating mantle or hot plate.
• Keep them away from electrical outlets.
A pyrophoric
• A pyrophoric substance ignites spontaneously in air at or below 55°C (130°F).Examples are iron sulfide and White phosphorus
• They can be handled safely in atmospheres of nitrogen.
• Most pyrophoric fires should be extinguished with a Class D fire extinguisher for burning metals.
Explosives • is a reactive substance that contains a great amount of
potential energy that can produce an explosion if released suddenly,
• Nitroglycerin: A highly unstable and sensitive liquid.• Acetone peroxide: A very unstable white organic peroxide.• TNT: Yellow insensitive crystals that can be melted and cast
without detonation.• Nitrocellulose: A nitrated polymer which can be a high or low
explosive depending on nitration level and conditions•
Reactive chemicals
A water-reactive substance is one that spontaneously undergoes a chemical reaction with water. Notable examples include lithium, sodium,
potassium, rubidium, and caesium
Unstable hazard : Radioactive material
oxidizing agent hazard • An oxidizing agent (also oxidant, oxidizer or oxidizer)
is the element or compound gaining electrons (and is thus often called an electron acceptor),
• Examples • Oxygen (O2)• Ozone (O3)• Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and other inorganic
peroxides• Fluorine (F2), chlorine (Cl2), and other halogens
What Should the Ideal Laboratory Look Like?
1. Equipment & Ventilation2. Safety Showers and Eyewashes3. Chemical Storage4. Match the Extinguisher to the Risk! 5. Means of Egress/Exit6. Material Safety Data Sheets(MSDS)
1 -Ventilation
General VentilationSupply Air Diffusers & Room Air Exhausts Should be Located So As to Avoid Intake of Contaminated Air
Windows Should be Operable
Local VentilationFume Hoods Used For Operations that Give Off:
Noxious OdorsFlammable or Poisonous Vapors
2 -Safety Showers and Eyewashes
Must Be Available in All Lab Areas That Use or Store Chemicals Which Are
Corrosive or an Irritant to the Eyes or Skin
Combination Eye Wash & Drench Hose Units at the Sink are Now Available
3 -Chemical Storage
Safe Storage of Chemicals is a Necessity in Every hospitals!
Minimizes Exposure to Staff to Corrosive and Toxic Chemicals
Lessens the Risk of Fire Prevents the Mixing of Incompatibles & the
Creation of an Emergency Situation
The “Don’ts” of Chemical Storage!
Avoid storing any chemical above eye level
Don’t store incompatible chemicals together
Don’t store chemicals near sources of heat or sunlight
Don’t store chemicals in the hoods or acids on metal shelves
Avoid storing anything on the floor, especially glass bottles
Ideal Storage Area Set-Up
AcidsNa, Li
Oxidizers
bases
Flammables CabinetSpill Materials
Dry Chemicals
Metal SaltsNitrates
Room Should Have:• Eye Wash• Safety Shower• Emergency Phone• Fire Extinguisher
4 -Match the Extinguisher to the Risk A for "Ash" Class A fires involve organic solids such as
paper and wood.
B for "Barrel" Class B fires involve flammable or combustible liquids, including petrol, grease, and oil
C for "Current" Class C fires involve electric current
D for "Dynamite" Class D fires involve combustible metals.
K for "Kitchen Oils and fats
5- Means of Egress/ Exit
Two or more well- marked & unobstructed evacuation exits are recommended in a lab.
6-Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
• (MSDS) are one of the most important tools
• available to employers • for providing information, and protection• to workers from hazardous chemicals• which are used in the workplace.
Material Safety Data Sheets required information
• Identity of the chemical • Physical and chemical characteristics • Physical hazards• Chemical hazards• Primary routes of entry• exposure limits• Control measures• Emergency procedures• thechemical hazardous • Date of preparation• Name, address and telephone of the manufacturer
1 -organic solvent
2 -acids
3 -bases
4 -mercury
Be Prepared for Small Incidental Spills
Spills Chemical Categories
Proper Incidental Spill Control Equipment Includes:
Scoops, Brooms, Pails & Bags
Spill Control Materials Such As Spill Control Pillows, Pads, Booms, etc
Neutralizers – for Acids & Alkalis
Absorbent – such as Diatomaceous Earth
Mercury Spill Control Kit
Examples of spill cleanup materials include :
• trisodium phosphate • sand • sodium bicarbonate for acids • powdered citric acid for bases • "Oil-Dri," "Zorb-All," "Speedi-Dri" • paper towels
Waste Chemical DisposalRequires:
Proper storage– same rules apply – make sure waste chemicals are compatibleProper labeling – Containers containing hazardous waste must be labeled with the words HAZARDOUS WASTE
Pre-planning – know what waste you’re creating prior to carrying out experimentsRecord-keeping – of all waste chemicals on hand and those already picked up for disposal
• 1- Give the names of the two chemical hazards.• 2. What name is given to a chemical which will
burst into flame when contacted by air?• 3. What is a health hazard?• 4. Which kind of health hazard destroys skin on
contact?• 5. Chemicals that cause sterility, fetal death, and
birth defects are called ____________.• 6. What is a carcinogen?• 7. Give the three states in which a chemical can
exist.• 8.What is an MSDS?• 9.What kind of information is found on the MSDS?