Cherry Pests and DiseasesCherry Pests and Diseases
Rest Breaking Treatments for Rest Breaking Treatments for Sweet CherriesSweet Cherries
Joe GrantFarm Advisor
UC Cooperative ExtensionSan Joaquin County
National Cherry Growers of AustraliaAnnual Conference
July, 2004
Joe GrantJoe GrantFarm AdvisorFarm Advisor
UC Cooperative ExtensionUC Cooperative ExtensionSan Joaquin CountySan Joaquin County
National Cherry Growers of AustraliaNational Cherry Growers of AustraliaAnnual ConferenceAnnual Conference
July, 2004July, 2004
CHERRY PEST MANAGEMENT CALENDAR OF OPERATIONSJoe Grant, UC Farm Advisor, San Joaquin County
DecemberNovemberOctoberSeptemberAugustJulyJuneMayAprilMarchFebruaryJanuary
Bloom stimulation spray
Delayed dormant spray Fruit worms
Bloom disease sprays
Earwig bait
Preharvest decay control
Spot-treat spring & summer weeds Strip weed spray
Control Cherry Buckskin vectors
Mites Bordeaux spray
This calendar lists typical timings of practices conducted in a sweet cherry orchard. Specific needs will determine if the practice is necessary.
Pocket gophers
Bacterial canker & blossom blast
Phytophthora root & crown rot
Cherry Buckskin Disease (Western X Disease) High-worked Mahaleb tree
Mountain Leafhopper
Flor’s LeafhopperCherry (Flor’s) Leafhopper
Cherry Stem Pitting Disease
Blossom & fruit rots Brown rot blossom blight and fruit rotBotrytis blossom blightRhizopus fruit rot
Powdery Mildew, Podosphera clandestina
Green Fruitworm, Orthosia hibisciGreen Fruitworm, Orthosia hibisci
Fruittree Leafroller larvae & adult
Obliquebanded Leafroller larvae & adult
March April May June July Aug. Sept.
Larvae
Larvae
Eggs
Pupae
Adults
Adults
Pupae
Eggs
Blo
omB
loom
Obliquebanded leafroller
Fruittree leafroller
March April May June July Aug. Sept.
Webspinning spider mites
Cherry slugCherry slug
European EarwigEuropean Earwig
ScalesScales
BirdsBirds
Occasional Pests
Wood borersWood borers
Cherry VirusesCherry Viruses•• PrunusPrunus Necrotic Necrotic RingspotRingspot VirusVirus•• Cherry Cherry RaspleafRaspleaf•• Cherry Necrotic Rusty Mottle Cherry Necrotic Rusty Mottle
VirusVirus
NematodesNematodes•• Lesion Nematode (Lesion Nematode (P. P. vulnusvulnus))•• Ring NematodeRing Nematode
Cherry raspleafCherry Cherry raspleafraspleaf
Cherry crinkle
Suture, doubles, spursAbiotic DisordersAbioticAbiotic DisordersDisorders
Rest Breaking Treatments for Rest Breaking Treatments for Sweet Sweet CherriesCherries
Dormancy/RestDormancy/Rest
Lack of chilling causesLack of chilling causes–– Straggly leafing & bloomStraggly leafing & bloom–– Weak bloom, abnormal flowersWeak bloom, abnormal flowers–– Bud deathBud death–– Uneven fruit growth & maturityUneven fruit growth & maturity
Average Chilling Accumulation Avg. of available San Joaquin County stations
92/931236
674
95/96
867
97/98
98/991410
92999/00
00/01
1430
01/02
986
02/03
94603/04
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
11/15 12/15 1/15 2/15 3/15
DATE
HO
UR
S <
45F
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000
FigAlmondApricotPeachCherryWalnut
PlumPear
ApplePrune
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000
FigAlmondApricotPeachCherryWalnut
PlumPear
ApplePrune
Hours < 45 °FHours < 45 Hours < 45 °°FF
Approximate Chilling Requirements of Selected Fruit & Nut Crops
Approximate Chilling Requirements of Selected Approximate Chilling Requirements of Selected Fruit & Nut CropsFruit & Nut Crops
Chilling requirementChilling requirement
Varies:Varies:•• CropCrop•• VarietyVariety•• RootstockRootstock•• Among buds on a treeAmong buds on a treeCalifornia cherries: 850 hrs.California cherries: 850 hrs.
EndodormancyParadormancy Ecodormancy
SummerSummerSummer SpringSpringSpringWinterWinterWinterFallFallFall
Stages of dormancyStages of dormancyStages of dormancy
Short daysLow temperatures Short daysShort daysLow temperatures Low temperatures Warm temperaturesWarm temperaturesWarm temperatures
Hormones from terminal buds & leaves
Hormones from Hormones from terminal buds & terminal buds & leavesleaves
DehydrinsBound waterMembrane changesLow metabolism
DehydrinsDehydrinsBound waterBound waterMembrane changesMembrane changesLow metabolismLow metabolism
HormonesFree waterHormonesHormonesFree waterFree water
Environmental changesEnvironmental changesEnvironmental changes
Biological changesBiological changesBiological changes
Chilling ModelsChilling Models
Hours Hours << 45 45 °°FF
“Utah” Chill Units“Utah” Chill Units
Dynamic ModelDynamic Model
Chilling ModelsChilling Models
Hours Hours << 45 45 °°F (7 F (7 °°C)C)•• Less than 45 Less than 45 °°F (1934)F (1934)•• Less than or equal to 45 Less than or equal to 45 °°F (1950)F (1950)
323235354040454550505555606065657070
000.50.51.01.0
0.50.500
-- 0.50.5-- 1.01.0
“Utah” Chill Units Model, Richardson, et al, 1974
“Utah” Chill Units Model, , RichardsonRichardson, et al, 1974, et al, 1974
CUoFMost effectiveMost Most effectiveeffective
-- 2.02.0
Dynamic ModelDynamic ModelFishmanFishman, et al, 1987, et al, 1987
“Chilling Portion”““Chilling Portion”Chilling Portion”
HeatColdHeatHeatColdCold
Rest breaking materialsRest breaking materials
Oil Oil
DORMEXDORMEX
CAN 17 + SurfactantCAN 17 + Surfactant
Calcium nitrate Calcium nitrate ++ ErgerErger GG
Rest breaking treatmentsRest breaking treatments
Response variable, depending on:Response variable, depending on:•• DoseDose•• Time of applicationTime of application•• Conditions at/after applicationConditions at/after application•• Bud developmentBud development•• Extent of chilling deficitExtent of chilling deficit
Rest breaking treatmentsRest breaking treatments
DORMEXDORMEX generally more effective than generally more effective than CAN 17CAN 17
More consistent response when time More consistent response when time sprays sprays using CP using CP
DormexDormex: 42: 42--50 CP50 CPCAN 17: 54CAN 17: 54--58 CP58 CP
Easier to compact than advance bloomEasier to compact than advance bloom
Effect on fruit ripening less than bloomEffect on fruit ripening less than bloomSurfactants vary in effectiveness and Surfactants vary in effectiveness and riskrisk of of
phytotoxicityphytotoxicity
Bing, 2004Bing, 2004Bing, 2004
CAN 17 + 2% EntryCAN 17 + 2% EntryCAN 17 + 2% Entry
CAN 17 + Entry CAN 17 + Entry CAN 17 + Entry Dormex + Agri-dexDormexDormex + + AgriAgri--dexdex
Bing, G & S, 2004 50 CPBing, G & S, 2004 50 CPBing, G & S, 2004 50 CP