Chesapeake Bay:An Introduction to an Ecosystem
Section 4: CommunitiesII-1E5: Bottom
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The organisms that live on and in the bottom sediments of the Bay form complex communities. Known as ______________, these bottom-dwellers include animals, plants and bacteria..
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benthos
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II-1E5-1
Benthic organisms often are differentiated by their habitat.
___________, like oysters, barnacles and sponges, live upon a surface.
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Epifauna
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II-1E5-2
Worms and clams, considered ____________, form their own
community structure beneath the bottom sediments, connected to the
water by tubes and tunnels.
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infauna
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II-1E5-3
The roots and lower portions of bay grasses supply the physical support for a
variety of ___________ organisms.
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epiphytic
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II-1E5-4
An _________ bar‚ and the many species it supports, is another example of a
benthic community.
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oyster
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II-1E5-5
What three animals make up benthic communities that exist on or in bare,
unvegetated substrate?
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1. Mollusks2. Worms3. Crustaceans
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II-1E5-6
What two factors affects the distribution of bottom-dwellers?
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1. Salinity2. Sediment type
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II-1E5-7
What is the best sediment for diverse benthic communities?
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a mixture of sand, silt and clay.
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II-1E5-8
Oysters need a ______________ surface, preferably another oyster shell, on which
the larval spat can attach or set.
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clean hard
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II-1E5-9
Oysters form a reef community that is important habitat for other __________ species.
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benthic
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II-1E5-10
What two condition of the water and sediments does the benthic community affect?
General terms
1. Physical2. chemical
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II-1E5-11
Some benthic animals build tubes or burrows through which they pump
water. ________ _________ _________, such as worms, plow through the
sediments in search of food.
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Infaunal deposit feeders
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II-1E5-12
Many benthic animals bind sediments together as ______________ that
remain at the bottom.
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fecal pellets
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____________, such as adult blue crabs, scurry across bottom searching for food.
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Predators
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II-1E5-14
The feeding activities of benthic animals stir the sediments, increasing the rate of
exchange of materials into the water column and increasing diffusion of
benthic animals ___________ into the sediments
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oxygen
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II-1E5-15
Explain how filter feeders, like oysters and clams, can be harmed by pollutants.
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Filter feeders pump large volumes of water through their bodies and extract food from it. As they filter water for food, they also remove sediments and organic matter, cleaning the water. Since many chemical contaminants often are present in sediments, benthic fauna often are exposed to and harmed by pollutants
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II-1E5-16
Some benthic organisms are widely distributed but others are limited more by _________ which also determines the distribution of certain benthic predators, parasites and diseases.
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salinity
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II-1E5-17
Match the benthic organism to the salinity it requires.
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ACBCA
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II-1E5-18
__ hard clams__ freshwater mussels__ soft-shelled clams__ Brackish water clams__ oysters
A. Higher saline waters
B. Mid-salinity waters C. Lower salinities
____________, a lethal parasite has decimated oyster populations of the
mid-Bay.
3 initials
MSX
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II-1E5-19
___________, a disease caused by another parasite, has decimated oyster
populations of the lower Bay.
Sounds like a skin disease
Dermo
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II-1E5-20
_______________ and _____________, which feed on oysters, are less of a
problem in upper Bay waters because of their intolerance to low salinities.
No hint
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II-1E5-21
starfishOyster drills
Label the organisms in the bethnic community
Hint – word bank Answer – click hint 1st Last Slide
II-1E5-22
__ Black-fingered mud crab__ Skilletfish__ Soft-shelled clam__ Atlantic oyster drill__ American oyster
__ A hard clam__ Whip mudworms__ Oyster spat__ Common clam worm
__ Ivory barnacle__ Skilletfish__ red ribbon worm__ Glassy tubeworm
GLEBM
AHJC
KLDF