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© IEA Clean Coal Centre CCT4 Dresden May 2004 www.iea-coal.org.uk
China’s coal fired electric power sector challenges and opportunities
Dr Andrew MinchenerPrincipal Associate, IEA Clean Coal Centre
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Scope of presentation (part of IEACCC study in progress)
• Status of the generation companies• Overview of coal-fired power within the
generation mix• Efficiency, environmental and economic
considerations• Chinese manufacturing capabilities• CO2 mitigation possibilities• Creating future near zero emissions power
generation power plants
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Status of the generation companies
• Five largest companies own ~40% of generation capacity (down from~46% when State Power Corporation was broken up)
• All five now buying up mining groups to ensure some stability in coal supply and price
• Several involved in coal to chemicals projects • All introducing advanced CCTs while closing old, small
units (in line with Government policy)
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Issues arising
• Massive year-on-year growth in coal fired capacity
• Older, smaller units are inefficient and polluting
• Largest market in the world for the larger, environmentally acceptable units with advanced steam conditions
China 2020 Installed Power Gen Capacity - China National Plan TOTAL = 1207
63.0%
14.9%3.3%
1.2%
5.0% 2.5%
6.6%
0.1%
3.3%
12.6%
Coal
Hydro
Nuclear
Oil
Gas
Wind
Small Hydro
Solar PV
Biomass
Environmental issues of increasing concern
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Coal related CO2 mitigation in China?
• Improve efficiency of coal fired power generation plus limit emissions of conventional pollutants (near term)
• Introduce cofiring of coal with CO2 neutral feedstocks (near to medium term)
• Develop and deploy CO2 capture and storage techniques (longer term)
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New coal-fired capacity installed each year in China
1,925 3,540
8,49012,520
8,700 9,9245,350
7,04015,910
28,270 30,350
9,550
2,927 5,300 3,820
1,860
3,660
9,500
14,400
38,220
47,790
100160210500300250436100310
2,127 1,575 9452,1601,9252,295 2,281 4,190
1,100
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Uni
t Cap
acity
(MW
)
10-50 MW 50-99 MW 100-199 MW 200-399 MW 400+ MW
Data Source: Platts UDI, June 2008 via NETL
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New operational supercritical units each year in China
6
49
2 311 1 1 5
41
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
# O
pper
atio
nal S
uper
criti
cal U
nits
Number of Units
Data Source: Platts UDI, June 2008 via NETL
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SC/USC units for China at end 2007
In operation Under construction
New orders
Capacity (GWe)
99.5 >100 82.4
Number of units
122 >167 131
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Major manufacturers of USC and SC coal fired boilers and turbines in China
Manufacturer• Harbin Boiler and Turbine
Cos.• Shanghai Boiler and Turbine
Cos.• Dongfang Boiler and Turbine
Cos.
Technology supplier• Alstom Power• Mitsubishi• Hitachi• IHI• Doosan Babcock• Toshiba• Siemens
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Environmental regulations in China
• New SO2 , NOx , and PM standards (2004) within World Bank guidelines
SO2 standards equivalent to OECD average• Goal: FGD at 60% capacity by 2010, supported by incentive in
electricity price for FGD use together with tax on SO2 emissions• Government focus on developing cost-effective FGD systems
NOx standards relatively modest compared to OECD • Can be satisfied by Chinese low-NOx burners but power
companies have begun importing SCNR and SCR systems
PM emission standards require higher efficiency ESPs
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China FGD installations
• Government 2010 target for FGD exceeded in 2008
• By end of 2008, 379 GWe out of 574 GWe coal fired power plants had FGD installed
• From 2007 onwards, national SO2 emissions began to decrease
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Year
Cap
aci
ty (
GW
e)
China SO2 scrubber
China coal power
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© IEA Clean Coal Centre www.iea-coal.org.uk
China - Typical (old) 200 MWe plant
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© IEA Clean Coal Centre www.iea-coal.org.uk
Wangqu 2 x 660 MWe power plant
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© IEA Clean Coal Centre www.iea-coal.org.uk
Huaneng Yuhuan 4x 1000MWe USC coal fired power plant
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CO2 mitigation by cofiring
• Technically applicable in China as in EU
• Potential is very significant
• Policy barriers must be overcome
• Considerable scope for EU-China cooperation to resolve the perceived problems
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CO2 capture and storage
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China CCS R&D activities
National Basic Research (973) Programme• Utilising GHG as resources in EOR and Geological
Storage• Syngas production based on coal gasification &
pyrolysis• High efficiency conversion of natural gas & syngas• High efficiency heat-work transfer study of gas
turbinesNational High-Tech (863) Programme• Development of Carbon Capture and Storage
Techniques
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© IEA Clean Coal Centre www.iea-coal.org.uk
CCS international cooperation
China-Australia capacity building activities on capture and storage
EU-China NZEC cooperation programme and other EC supported CCS projects
China – USA study of regional opportunities for CCS in China
Various EOR demonstration projects, including major activity with Japan
China-Canada ECBM projects
Other projects in preparation
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Huaneng CO2 capture pilot plant, Beijing
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© IEA Clean Coal Centre CCT4 Dresden May 2009 www.iea-coal.org.uk
Near Zero Emissions from Coal (NZEC)
Includes a collaborative project, supported by DECC and MOST, to:– build capacity in China to determine the best options
for carbon dioxide capture, transport and geological storage; and
– examine the potential for the development and demonstration of CCS technology in China and its deployment in the future.
www.nzec.info
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Scope of Phase 1 programme
• WP1 – Knowledge Sharing & Capacity Building
• WP2 – Future Energy Technology Perspectives
• WP3 – Case Studies for Carbon Capture
• WP4 – Carbon Storage Potential
• WP5 – Policy Assessment & Roadmap
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CO2 storage capacity assessments
(EU-China partnership on climate change)
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Shenhua CTL plant (CCS project being developed)
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The way forward?
• Need to pursue a low carbon development path with Chinese characteristics, with clearly defined targets and priority actions– Reduction in energy use per unit of GDP, with consequent
reduction in CO2 emissions
• Recognition that China can fulfil a leadership role in clean coal technology with carbon capture and storage– China already a growing provider of equipment and know-
how in power generation, both domestically and overseas – Tremendous scope to build on the base to integrate CCS
techniques as necessary– Build on joint ventures and licensing arrangements already in
place