Download - Chp,7 Statesof Cons
Chapter 7 States of Consciousness
States of Consciousness
Consciousnessour awareness of ourselves and
our environments
Fantasy Prone Personalityimagines and recalls experiences
with lifelike vividnessspends considerable time
fantasizing
Sleep and Dreams
Biological Rhythmsperiodic physiological
fluctuations
Circadian Rhythm
the biological clockregular bodily rhythms
that occur on a 24 hour cycle wakefulness body temperature
Sleep and DreamsREM (Rapid Eye Movement)
Sleep
recurring sleep stage vivid dreams“paradoxical sleep”
muscles are generally relaxed, but other body systems are active
Sleepperiodic, natural, reversible
loss of consciousness
Brain Waves and Sleep Stages
Alpha Wavesslow waves of a
relaxed, awake brain
Delta Waveslarge, slow waves of
deep sleep
Hallucinationsfalse sensory
experiences
Typical Nightly Sleep Stages
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
4
3
2
1
Sleepstages
Awake
Hours of sleep
REM
Sleep DeprivationEffects of Sleep Loss
fatigueimpaired concentrationimmune suppressionirritabilityslowed performance
accidentsplanesautos and trucks
Sleep Disorders
Insomniapersistent problems in falling or
staying asleep
Narcolepsyuncontrollable sleep attacks
Sleep Apneacessation of breathingoften associated with snoringrepeatedly awakes sufferer
Night Terrors and NightmaresNight Terrors
occur within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep, usually during Stage 4
high arousal- appearance of being terrified
Nightmaresoccur towards morningduring REM sleep
Dreams- Freud
Sigmund Freud- The Interpretation of Dreams (1900)wish fulfillment discharge otherwise unacceptable
feelings
Manifest Contentremembered story line
Latent Contentunderlying, uncensored meaning
Dreams
As Information Processinghelps consolidate day’s
memoriesstimulates neural
development
REM ReboundREM sleep increases following
REM sleep deprivation
Hypnosis
Hypnosisa social interaction in
which one person (the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts or behaviors will spontaneously occur
a relaxed state
Hypnosis
Posthypnotic Amnesiasupposed inability to recall what
one experienced during hypnosisinduced by the hypnotist’s
suggestion
Hypnotic Suggestibilityrelated to subject’s openness to
suggestionability to focus attention inwardlyability to become imaginatively
absorbed
Hypnosis
Orne & Evans (1965)control group instructed to
“pretend”unhypnotized subjects performed
the same acts as the hypnotized ones
Posthypnotic Suggestion
suggestion to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized
used by some clinicians to control undesired symptoms and behaviors
Hypnosis and Pain
Dissociationa split in consciousnessallows some thoughts and behaviors
to occur simultaneously with others
Hidden ObserverHilgard’s term describing a
hypnotized subject’s awareness of experiences, such as pain, that go unreported during hypnosis
Drugs and Consciousness
Psychoactive Druga chemical substance that alters
perceptions and alters mood
Physical Dependence physiological need for a drugmarked by unpleasant withdrawal
symptoms
Psychological Dependencea psychological need to use a drugfor example, to relieve negative emotions
Dependence
Toleranceneed for progressively larger
doses to achieve same effect
Withdrawaldiscomfort and distress with
discontinued use
Psychoactive Drugs
Depressantsdrugs that reduce neural activity slow body function
alcohol, barbiturates, opiates
Stimulantsdrugs that excite neural activity speed up body function
caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines
Psychoactive Drugs
Hallucinogenspsychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs
that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input
LSD
Psychoactive Drugs
Barbituratesdrugs that depress
the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement
Psychoactive Drugs
Opiatesopium and its derivatives
(morphine and heroin)opiates depress neural
activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety
Psychoactive Drugs
Amphetaminesdrugs that stimulate
neural activity, causing accelerated body functions and associated energy and mood changes
Psychoactive Drugs
LSD lysergic acid diethylamidea powerful hallucinogenic drugalso known as acid
THCthe major active ingredient in
marijuanatriggers a variety of effects,
including mild hallucinations
Psychoactive Drugs
Drug Type Pleasurable Effects Adverse Effects
Alcohol Depressant Initial high followed by Depression, memory loss, organ relaxation and disinhibition damage, impaired reactions
Heroin Depressant Rush of euphoria, relief from Depressed physiology, pain agonizing withdrawal
Caffeine Stimulant Increased alertness and Anxiety, restlessness, and wakefulness insomnia in high doses;
uncomfortable withdrawal
Metham- Stimulant Euphoria, alertness, energy Irritability, insomnia, phetamine hypertension, seizures
Cocaine Stimulant Rush of euphoria, confidence, Cardiovascular stress, energy suspiciousness, depressive crash
Nicotine Stimulant Arousal and relaxation, sense Heart disease, cancer (from tars) of well-being
Marijuana Mild Enhanced sensation, pain relief Lowered sex hormones, disrupted hallucinogen distortion of time, relaxation memory, lung damage from smoke
Near Death Experiences
Near Death Experiencean altered state of consciousness
reported after a close brush with death
often similar to drug-induced hallucinations
Near Death Experiences
Dualismthe presumption that mind
and body are two distinct entities that interact
Monismthe presumption that mind
and body are different aspects of the same thing