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Chromatography Theory and
Applications
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Chromatography Theory
u Overviewu Separation ModesF Anion Exchange ChromatographyF Cation Exchange ChromatographyF Ion Exclusion ChromatographyF Ligand Exchange ChromatographyF Reversed Phase Chromatography
u Chemical Suppressionu Detection Modes
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Overview
Separator Column Suppressor
InjectorDetector
Chromatography (LC) is the separation of species by various separation modes followed by suppressed conductivity, UV or some other type of detection
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Separation Modes
Separator Column Suppressor
InjectorDetector
Chromatography (LC) is the separation of species by various separation modes followed by suppressed conductivity, UV or some other type of detection
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Substrates: Polymers Used
Most common Polymer used is a co-polymer of polystyrene and divinylbenzene (PS/DVB)
CH2 CH CH2 CH CH2 CH
CH CH2 CH CH2 CH2 CHCH2 CH2 CH2
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Features of PS/DVB
u Rugged Cross-linked polymer
F pH range 0-14
F solvent compatible with many solvents
F Temperature stable
F Able to control shrink/swell with X-linking
u Control particle size and porosity
u Well defined polymerization and functionalization
chemistries
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Separation Modes
u Ion Exchange
F Anion Exchange
F Cation Exchange
u Ion Exclusion
u Ligand Exchange
u Reversed Phase (Ion Pairing)
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Anion Exchange
u Transgenomic Bead Characteristics
F Cross-linked PS/DVB core
F Coating
F Quaternary Ammonium Exchange Groups
u Common Buffers
F Sodium Hydroxide
F Sodium Carbonate/Bicarbonate
F Sodium Chloride
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Mechanism for Anion Exchange
Resin-NR3+ OH- + A- Resin-NR3
+ A- + OH-Keq
u Common Applications
F Inorganic Anions
F Organic Acids
F Oxyhalides
F Amino Acids
F Proteins/Peptides
F DNA/Oligos
F Transition Metals
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Anion Exchange IC Applications
1. Fluoride
2. Chloride
3. Nitrite
4. Bromide
5. Nitrate
6. Phosphate
7. Sulfate
Con
duct
ivit
y
0 2 4 6 8 10
Minutes
1
2
3
45
6
7
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Oxyhalides by Anion Exchange
1
23
4
5
67
89
10
5 1 5 20 251 00 30
Time
Con
duct
ivit
y
COMPONENT
1. Fluoride 2. Chlorite 3. Bromate4. Chloride5. Nitrite6. Chlorate 7. Nitrate 8. Bromide9. Phosphate
10. Sulfate
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Cation Exchange
u Transgenomic Bead Characteristics
F Cross-linked PS/DVB core
F Sulfonic, Phosphonic, Carboxylic Acid Functional Groups
u Common Eluants
F Organic Acids (Citrate, Oxalate)
F Methane Sulfonic Acid
F Buffers
F NaCl
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Mechanism for Cation Exchange
Resin-SO3- H+ + A+ Resin-SO3
- A+ + H+ Keq
u Common Applications
F Grp I & II Cations
F Ammonium Species
F Transition Metals
F Amino Acids
F Proteins/Peptides
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Cation Exchange Applications
asp
thr ser
glu
gly
ala
phe
hisarg
lys
tyr
leumet
val
iso-leu
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Hydrolysate Amino Acid Analysis using a Beckman Sodium AAA Column
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Cation IC Applications
1. Copper
2. Nickel
3. Zinc
4. Iron
5. Manganese
6. Cadmium
7. Lead
0 5 10 20 25 30 3515
Minutes
1
23 4 5
6
7
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Ion Exclusion Chromatography
u Bead Characteristics
FCross-linked PS/DVB core
FMacroporous
FHighly Sulfonated
u Common Eluants
FStrong Acids (HCL, Sulfuric)
FOrganic Acids (OSA, Perchloric, Perfluorobutyric Acid)
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Mechanism for Ion Exclusion
RCOOH (retained) RCOO- (excluded)pKa
u Common Applications
F Organic Acids
F Borate/Carbonate
F Alcohols
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Ion Exclusion Applications
1. Citric
2. Tartaric
3. Glucose
4. Malic
5. Fructose
6. Lactic
7. Glycerol
8. Acetic
9. Methanol
10. Ethanol
12
35
4
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Minutes
6
7
8
910
Krebs Cycle Acids
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Reversed Phase (Ion Pairing) Chromatography
u Transgenomic Bead CharacteristicsFCross-linked PS/DVB coreFMacroporous or NonporousFMay be alkylated (-CO, -C18)
u Common Mobile PhasesFAcetonitrile/WaterFMethanol/Water
uCommon Ion Pairing ReagentsF TEAAF TMAOHF TBAOH
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Mechanism for Ion Pairing
TBA+A- (retained) TBA+ + A- (moves)
u Common Applications
F Surfactants
F DNA
F ethylamines
F Aliphatic Acids
F Transition Metals
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Ion Pairing Reversed Phase
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Reversed Phase Applications
1. Physostigmine
2. Acetophenone
3. Ethyl Phenone
4. Butyl Phenone
5. Valerphenone
Minutes0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
1
2
3
4
5
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20-mer on an OLIGOSep Column
20mer
19mer
18mer
Time0 5 10 15 20
UV
Res
pons
e
-5.0
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
Separation of 20-mer from n-1, n-2 failures
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Ligand Exchange Chromatography
u Bead Characteristics
F Cross-linked PS/DVB core
F Macroporous
F Highly Sulfonated
F Metal Loaded (Pb, Ca, etc.)
u Common Eluants
F Water
F Sodium Hydroxide
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Mechanism for Ligand Exchange
Resin-SO3- M + + H2O + A-
Keq
u Common Applications
F Alcohols
F Carbohydrates
FWeak Acids
Resin-SO3- M + + A- + H2O
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Ligand Exchange Application
0 4 8 12 16
suc
gal sormanfruraf
sta glu
min
Monosaccharides on a CARBOSep CHO-620
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Chemical Suppression
Separator Column Suppressor
InjectorDetector
Used Only In IC: Ion Chromatography (IC) is the separation of ionic species by ion exchange chromatography coupled with suppressed conductivity detection
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Chemical Suppression
u Purpose
Reduce background conductivity from eluant and
increase signal from analytes to make high
sensitivity ion analysis possible
u Types of Suppressors Available
F Dionex: self regenerating suppressor,
membrane suppressors, fiber suppressors,
packed bed suppressors
F Altech: packed bed suppressor
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How Chemical Suppression Works
Waste
H+
H+
H+
H+ H+
H+
H+
Eluant
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+Na+
Na+
Regenerant Regenerant
Waste
Na+
Na+
OH-
OH-
OH-
H+
H+
OH-
H2O
H2O
H2OH2O Detector Cell
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Chemical Suppression Reactions
u Anion ICH+
Na+Na+ + OH- H2O
H+
Na+Na+ + HCO3
- H2O + CO2H2CO3
H+
Na+Na+ + A- H+ + A-
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Chemical Suppression Reactions
u Cation ICOH-
MSA-H+ + MSA- H2O
OH-
Cl-A+ + Cl- A+ + OH-
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LC Detection Modes
Separator Column Suppressor
InjectorDetector
Chromatography (LC) is the separation of species by various separation modes followed by suppressed conductivity, UV or some other type of detection
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LC Detection Modes
u UV/Vis - Most common for LS
F DIrect UV (diode array)
F Indirect UV - Refractive Index
F Direct UV w/ Post Column Reaction
u Conductivity - Most Common for IC
u Amperometry - For Carbohydrates
u Other (Mass Sepc, ELS, etc.)
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Agenda
u Introduction
u Chromatography Theory
u Cetac IC Products
u Transgenomic Life Science Products
u Competitive Analysis
u Conclusion
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TransgenomicIon Chromatography
Products
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ICSep Ion Exchange Columns
u ICSep Columns for Anion Analysis
l ICSep AN1
l ICSep AN1-SC
l ICSep AN2
u ICSep Columns for Cation Analysis l ICSep CN2
l ICSep AN300
l ICSep AN300b
l ICSep ANSC
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Features and Benefits of
Cetac IC Columns
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Features of the ICSep AN1 Column
u Separates 7 Standard Ions in 15 minutes
u Fluoride separated from water dip with
Carb/Bicarb Eluantu Runs in both suppressed and nonsuppressed
formatsu High Capacity for dirty samplesu Direct replacement for the Dionex AS11u Works with hydroxide, PHBA or Carbonate
eluants
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ConditionsEluant: 1.8mM Carb/1.7mM BicarbFlow 1.0mL/minDetect: Suppressed Cond
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Features of the ICSep AN300 Column
u Separates 7 Standard Ions in 8 minutes
u Designed and Verified equivalent for EPA method 300.0(a)
u Fluoride completely resolved from water dip
u Works with hydroxide or Carbonate eluants
u Direct Replacement for AS-4A column running anions in water
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ConditionsEluant: 1.8mM Carb/1.7mM BicarbFlow 2.0mL/minDetect: Suppressed Cond
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Features of the ICSep AN300b Column
u Designed to separate 7 Standard Ions as well as oxyhalides and organic acids
u Designed and Verified equivalent for EPA method 300.0(b)
u Solvent compatible, can clean with even organic solvents (i.e. methanol)
u Works with hydroxide or Carbonate eluantsu Very High Capacity - Direct Replacement for AS9-
HC column running disinfection agents in water
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Features of the ICSep ANSC Column
u Same selectivity as the Dionex AS-4ASC
u Compatible with Organic Solvents
u 7 Standard Anions in 11 minutes
u Compatible with both hydroxide and
carbonate-based eluants
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ConditionsEluant: 1.8mM Carb/1.7mM BicarbFlow 2.0mL/minDetect: Suppressed Cond
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Features of the ICSep AN1-SC
u Same features as the AN1
u Direct Replacement for systems using the Dionex
AS11/AS12
u Now Compatible with up to 100% Organic
Solvents***
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ConditionsEluant: 1.8mM Carb/1.7mM BicarbFlow 1.0mL/minDetect: Suppressed Cond
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Features of the New ICSep AN2
Very high Capacity
Separates organic acids and ions in same run
Compatible with Organic Solvents
Direct replacement for systems running Dionex
AS14 columns (1mM HCO3/3.5mM CO3)
Compatible with both hydroxide and carbonate-
based eluants
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COMPONENTS:
1. FLUORIDE2. ACETATE3. CHLORIDE4. NITRITE5. BROMIDE6. NITRATE7. PHOSPHATE8. SULFATE
ICSep AN2
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Features of the ICSep CN2 Column
u Separates Group I and Group II Cations as
well as Transition series metals
u Separates Ammonium Species
u Compatible with all common Cation exchange eluants
u Works in both suppressed and nonsuppressed modes
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OEM Vendors for IC Columns
u Latchatt - Special AN300 to Latchatt specs
u Metrohm -
F Metrosupp 1 : AN300b
F Metrosupp 2 : AN1
F Metrosupp 3 : AN1-SC
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Symptoms of Column Contamination
u Inorganic Contamination - peaks tail, retention time
decreases, pressure increases
u Metals - Phosphate disappears
u Organic Contamination - increase pressure, nitrate
tails, etc.
u Notes: Always recommend guard column, if
pressure high change frit.
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Care of Transgenomic IC Columns
u Long Term Storage - either water or 10mM NaOH
u Inorganic Contamination F 40mM EDTA @ 0.5mL/min for 1 hour (for metals)
F 0.1M NaOH @ 1.0mL/min for 3 hours
u Organic ContaminationF Solvent Compatible Columns flush 90% ACN or MeOH
@ 1.0mL/min for 2 hours (ANSC, AN1-SC, AN300b, AN2)
F Non-SC columns flush with 10% MeOH @ 0.5mL/min overnight (AN1, AN300)
F Follow with Inorganic Cleanup
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Agenda
u Introduction
u Chromatography Theory
u Cetac IC Products
u Transgenomic Life Science Products
u Competitive Analysis
u Conclusion
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Transgenomic Chromatography Products
for Life Science Applications
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Amino AcidColumns
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Amino Acid Analysis Columns
u AMINOSep Columns for Amino Acid Analysis
l AA 911
l AA 903
u Transgenomic Columns for the 63/7300 l Transgenomic Lithium
l Transgenomic Sodium AA column for System Gold
l AA 511
l Transgenomic Sodium
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Features of Transgenomic AAA Columns
u Both Sodium and Lithium Cation Exchange Forms
u Separates both hydrolysates and physiological fluid amino acids
u Very tight particle size range for high efficiency
u Standard for Beckman and Pharmacia AAA Systems (we supply 95% of the worlds use for IEX amino acid analysis columns/resin)
u Rugged, long-lasting design
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Transgenomic Lithium Column for 63/7300
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Transgenomic Sodium Column for 63/7300
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Sodium Column for System Gold
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OEM Vendors for AAA Columns
u Beckman - System Gold, Na+ and Li+
u Waters - Na+ Cation Exchange
u Merck - Na+ Cation Exchange
u Phamacia - Resin
u Pickering - Resin
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Symptoms of Column Contamination
u Peaks Co-Elute
u Retention Times Increase
u Irreproducible Ammonia Peak
u Peaks begin to tail
u Notes: this is a really complex analysis and
columns may need to be regenerated frequently
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Care of Transgenomic AAA Columns
u Long Term Storage - either C Buffer or 10mM NaOH
u Column Contamination F First flush with 20% IPA or MeOH @ 0.5mL/min for 30
minutes
F Next, If Lithium form column use 0.1M LiOH if Sodium form column use 0.1M NaOH
F Flush @ 0.5mL/min for 1 - 3 hours
F Flush with DI Water for 15 minutes
F Reequilibrate on A Buffer Follow with Inorganic Cleanup
F NOTE: Column regeneration buffer available
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CarbohydrateAnalysisColumns
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Carbohydrate Analysis Columns
u CARBOSep Columns for Carbohydrate Analysis
l CHO-411
l CHO-611 (Na)
l CHO-620 (Ca)
l CHO-682 (Pb)
l CHO-820
l CHO-882
l COREGEL 87C
l COREGEL 87H
l COREGEL 87K
l COREGEL 87N
l COREGEL 87P
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Features of Transgenomic Carbohydrate Columns
u Separates sugars and alcohols
u Compatible with water and hydroxide mobile phases
u Longest history with ligand-exchange gels
u Separates both mono and oligosaccharides up to DP7
u Compatible with USP methods
u Very rugged, long lasting design
u Highest efficiency ligand-exchange columns available
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Component CHO-620 CHO-682 CHO-820 COREGEL
87C
COREGEL
87P
COREGEL
87K
ICSep
COREGEL
87H
Stachyose 5.94 11.84 8.46 7.85 11.35 6.32 6.94
Raffinose 6.56 12.01 9.01 8.31 14.41 6.96 7.65
Maltotriose 6.68 12.63 9.16 8.35 15.24 7.36 7.18
Sucrose 7.48 13.51 9.94 9.18 15.77 8.08 ND
Cellobiose 7.36 13.53 9.79 9.01 15.65 NA 7.76
Trehalose 7.32 NA NA 9.14 16.05 8.22 8.00
Maltose 7.59 14.43 10.06 9.24 16.68 8.56 7.78
Melibiose 7.67 15.25 NA 9.43 17.70 NA 7.88
Lactose 7.84 15.09 10.49 9.51 17.44 8.72 8.13
Lactulose 8.53 18.93 11.49 10.24 20.77 NA NA
Maltitol 9.15 NA NA 12.29 30.45 8.16 NA
Glucose 9.36 16.09 12.09 11.22 19.21 11.20 10.11
Sorbose 10.22 19.45 NA 12.90 22.45 13.16 9.90
Xylose 10.31 17.96 NA 12.37 20.71 12.24 10.33
Rhamnose 10.41 19.53 NA 12.93 22.63 13.37 11.20
Mannose 10.51 20.39 14.06 12.83 25.57 12.48 9.98
Fructose 11.14 22.59 15.61 13.68 25.90 12.16 10.39
Fucose 11.33 27.93 15.41 13.89 24.23 11.98 12.05
Arabinose 11.63 21.73 15.76 14.00 24.02 13.44 11.23
Mannitol 12.76 34.51 20.54 17.89 40.07 10.08 NA
Arabitol 13.23 33.98 20.94 18.43 39.80 10.80 NA
Sorbitol 14.91 50.76 25.61 21.41 55.56 10.64 8.32
Xylitol 15.06 44.76 25.03 22.03 51.14 11.36 8.35
Sorbose 16.46 45.59 26.38 21.89 54.33 14.16 9.21
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CARBOSep CHO-620 (Calcium Form)
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CARBOSep CHO-682 (Lead Form)
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CARBOSep CHO-820 (Calcium Form)
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CARBOSep CHO-611 (Sodium Form)
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Features of COREGEL Columns
u 9 micron particle size
u 8% crosslinked
u Very tight particle size range for highest efficiency
u Available in Calcium, Sodium, Lead, Hydrogen, Silver and Potassium
u Direct substitution for BioRad AMINEX columns and any other AMINEX equivalent
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CARBOSep COREGEL 87C (Ca Form)
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CARBOSep COREGEL 87K (K Form)
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CARBOSep COREGEL 87N (Na Form)
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CARBOSep COREGEL 87P (Pb Form)
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OEM Vendors for Carbohydrate Columns
u Waters - SugarPak
u Merck - Polysphere
u MetaChem - Metacarb
u Machery Nagel
u Varian Chrompack
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Symptoms of Column Contamination
u Peaks Broaden
u Retention Time Shifts
u Pressure Increases
u Irrepudicible Retention Times
u Note: Always recommend a guard column with
carbohydrate columns
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Care of Transgenomic Carbo Columns
u Long Term Storage - DI Water
u Column Contamination
F These columns are very hard to clean and usually require replacement.
F For Organic Contamination: NEVER EXCEED 10% ACN or MeOH because these resins swell very easily, flush at 0.3mL/m for several hours, then flush with DI Water. Watch column pressure.
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Care of Transgenomic Carbo Columns
u Column Contamination - Inorganics and BiocontaminationF Select cleaning solvent very carefully - it should match
the ionic form of the column. F Use 0.1M NaOH for CHO-611/OH and COREGEL 87NF Use 0.1M CaOH for CHO-820 and COREGEL 87CF Use 0.1M KOH for COREGEL 87K
F Flush column at 0.3mL/min overnight then flush with water for several hours
F For CHO-682 or COREGEL 87P use 0.1M NaOH overnight followed by 0.1M PbCl for 3 hours @ 0.3mL/min
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Ion Exclusion Columns
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Ion Exclusion Columns
u ICSep Columns for Organic Acid, Carbonate
and Alcohol Analysisl ICSep ICE-ION-300
l ICSep ICE-ION-310
l ICSep ICE-ARH-601
l ICSep ICE-ORH-801
l ICSep ICE-COREGEL 64H
l ICSep ICE-COREGEL 87H
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Features of the ICSep ICE-ION 300
u Separates Organic Acids, Sugars and
Alcohols with VERY high resolution
u Small Particle Size provide high efficiency
u Designed for use with normal matrices
u Recommend for Wine Analysis
u Designed for High Resolution Applications
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Features of the ICSep ICE-ORH 801
u Separates Organic Acids, Sugars and Alcohols with good resolution
u Intermediate resolution between ION-300 and Coregel 87H
u Blended to provide optimum resolution with good ruggedness
u Can also run inorganic anions such as sulfite, azide, fluoride and arsenic species
u Designed as general purpose column
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Features of the ICSep ICE-COREGEL 87H
u The most rugged column (8% cross linked)
u Larger bed volume, bead size, lower pressure
allows the column to be run at fast flow rates
u Separates Sugars, Alcohols and Organic Acids
all on one column in same run
u Designed for use with tough matrices
u Direct replacement for BioRad Aminex Columns
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Features of the ICSep ICE-ION 310
u Designed for fast run organic acid analysis
u High sensitivity, rapid analysis of borate and bicarbonate
u Rugged column
u Designed for use with tough matrices
u Choose this column when speed is the
primary concern
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Features of the ICSep ICE-ARH 601
u Designed for analysis of Aromatic Organic
Acids
u Eluants employ only Sulfuric Acid and Water, no organic modifiers are required
u Only ICE column available designed
especially for Aromatic Organic Acids
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Features of the ICSep ICE-COREGEL 64H
u Larger bed volume, bead size, lower pressure
allows the column to be run at fast flow rates
u Separates Sugars, Alcohols and Organic Acids
all on one column in same run
u Direct replacement for BioRad Aminex Column
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OEM Vendors for Ion Exclusion Columns
u Metachem - MetaCarb
u Alltech
u Merck
u Machery Nagel
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Symptoms of Column Contamination
u Inorganic Contamination - peaks tail, retention time
decreases, pressure increases
u Metals - Irreproducible results
u Organic Contamination - increased pressure
u Notes: Always recommend guard column this will
help protect the separator.
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Care of Transgenomic Ion Exclusion Columns
u Long Term Storage - 10mM Sulfuric Acid
u Inorganic Contamination
F 40mM EDTA @ 0.4mL/min for 1 hour (for metals)
F 0.1M Sulfuric Acid @ 0.4mL/min for 6 hours
F flush with DI-water then reequilibrate
u Organic Contamination
F NEVER EXCEED 10% ACN or MeOH and watch pressure carefully, flush at 0.4mL/min for 3 hours then flush thoroughly with water.
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Reversed PhaseColumns forIon Pairing
Chromatography
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RPSep Reversed Phase/Ion Pairing Columns
u RPSep Columns for Reversed Phase and
Ion Pairing Chromatography
l RPSep PRX-1
l RPSep ACT-1 C18
l RPSep PolyRP CO
l OLIGOSep - 1
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Column Options
Two Options: non-functionalized or alkylated PS/DVB
Non-Functionalized
5µm PS/DVB
C18 Alkylated
5µm PS/DVB
OLIGOSep, PRX,
PolyRP C0
ACT-1
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Features of the RPSep PolyRP-CO Column
u CO functionalization provides hydrophillic
surface for separation of less polar compounds
u Proprietary, patented, alkylation technology
u Small particle size with tight particle size range
for high efficiency
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Features of the RPSep PRX-1 Column
u Nonfunctionalized PS/DVB ideal for separation
of both polar and nonpolar species
u Fine particle size range for high efficiency
u Exceptionally rugged design
u Direct replacement for Dionex NS1 or Hamilton
PRP-1 columns
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Features of the RPSep ACT-1 C18 Column
u Alkylated with C18 groups, provides hydrophobic
surface ideal for the separation of polar species
u pH Stable over range of 0-14
u Proprietary, patented, technology
u Very high efficiency
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Care of Transgenomic Reversed Phase Columns
u Long Term Storage - 40% ACN and Water
u Inorganic Contamination
F 40mM EDTA @ 1.0mL/min for 1/2 hour (for metals)
F 0.1M Sodium Hydroxide @ 1.0mL/min for 1 hours
F flush with DI-water then reequilibrate
u Organic Contamination
F Flush with 95% ACN or MeOH @ 1.0mL/minute for 3 hours
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Agenda
u Introduction
u Chromatography Theory
u Cetac IC Product Launch
u Transgenomic Life Science Products
u Competitive Analysis
u Conclusion
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CompetitivePositioning and
Analysis IC Products
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Goals for TransgenomicIC Products
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Product Positioning
Cetac Technologies Offers a Complete Line of Chromatography
Columns that Provide Superior Solutions for the Analysis of Ionic
Species at a lower cost than Competitive Alternatives
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Summary:
Make Better Columns at a Lower Cost
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Key Competitor inthe IC Market--
Dionex Corporation
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Dionex - Background
u Founded 1975
u Recognized leader in Ion Chromatography
u > 20,000 IC Systems Installed
u ~$165M in Annual Sales
u ~$37M Annual Sales in IC Columns
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Dionex - Advantages
u Corporate IC Focus
u Large Installed Base
u Many Applications Developed
u Approved Methods (E.P.A.)
u Complete IC Product Offering
u Proprietary Suppressor Technology
u Protected Market
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Dionex - Disadvantages
u Gouge Customers
u Single Expertise - Not good at other fields
u Not very flexible
u Poor Service
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Transgenomic Strategy
Offer the IC customer a compatible replacement for his Dionex column at a lower cost
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Cetac Column
ICSep AN2
ICSep AN1
ICSep AN1-SC
ICSep AN300
ICSep AN300B
ICSep ANSC
ICSep CN2
Dionex Compatible
IonPac AS14
IonPac AS11/AS12
IonPac AS11/AS12
IonPac AS4A
IonPac AS9-HC
IonPac AS4A-SC
IonPac CS3
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Transgenomic - Advantages
u Compatible Selectivities
u Superior Fluoride Retention
u Covalently Bound Surface Chemistries - Long Life
u Lower Cost
u Employ Guard Disc to provide added protection
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Covalent and PellicularAnion Exchangers
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Covalent Anion Exchangers
♦May Have Pores (“holes”) or be NonPorous♦All ion exchange groups attached covalently
to the surface of the bead
Porous NonPorous
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Characteristics of Covalent IC Resins
u Larger surface area for porous
u Higher Capacity
u Covalently bound (grafted) functional groups
u Can control “exclusion”of molecules by pore size
u Lower column pressures
u Can be used for both anion and cation columns
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Pellicular Anion Exchangers
u Latex microspheres ionically attached to sulfonated core
u Ion exchange groups on the surface of the latex microbead
PS/DVB
Latex Microsphere
NR3+
NR3+
NR3+
NR3+
NR3+
NR3+NR3
+
NR3+
NR3+
NR3+
NR3+
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Characteristics of Pellicular IC Resins
u All interactions are on the surface of the
microbead
u High efficiency from small microspheres
u Use larger beads for less backpressure
u Less secondary interactions
u Core bead sulfonated, latex ionically attached
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Benefits of Covalent and Pellicular Anion
Exchangers
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Covalent Anion Exchangers
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Advantages of Covalent Ion Exchangers
u Higher capacity - can handle very dirty samples
u More rugged and will last longer - covalently bound chemistries won’t come off
u Easily cleaned
u Fluoride can be retained
u Can take advantage of surface interactions
u Less hardware requirements - lower running pressures
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Disadvantages of Covalent Ion Exchanger
u Materials can “hide”in pores
u More surface interactions - nitrate/iodide tails
u Must use smaller particles for high efficiency
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Anions on a Cetac AN1-SC
1
Time
0.0 4.0 8.0 12.05.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
Res
pons
e (m
V)
ICSep AN1SC Column
4
32
5
6
7
Fluoride Retained
Nitrate Tails
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PellicularAnion Exchangers
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Advantages of Pellicular Ion Exchangers
u High Efficiency - Sharper Peaks
u Less surface interaction - Nitrate tailing minimal
u Use larger core bead for less backpressure
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Disadvantages of Pellicular Ion Exchangers
u Fluoride not easily retained
u Susceptible to metals contamination -phosphate results inconsistent
u Lower capacities - trouble with dirty samples
u Ionically bound chemistries - shorter column lifetime
u Can contaminate irreversibly
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Anions on a Dionex AS4A-SC
0 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00
Minutes
0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
µS7 Anions on a Dionex AS4A
1
2
3
45
6
7
Less Nitrate Tailing
Fluoride not retained
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Comparison of Efficiency Loss from Metal Contamination
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
6000
0 20 40 60 80 100
Run #
Eff
icie
ncy
AN1-SCAS6
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Reason
u Latex microspheres ionically attached to sulfonated core
u Metals bind Ion Exchange Sites Irreversibly
PS/DVB NR3+
NR3+
NR3+
NR3+
NR3+
NR3+NR3
+
NR3+
NR3+
NR3+
NR3+
SO3-
SO3-
SO3-
SO3-
Cu+2
Cu+2
Cu+2
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Selling Hints
u Target Dionex customers with “Clone”approach
u ALWAYS recommend a guard cartridge
u Cetac Columns designed to Last Longer
u Promote compatible separation at lower cost
u Focus on Cetac specialty - Inorganic Analysis
u Highlight New Chemistries provide better separation
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Comparison Cetac AN2 & the Dionex AS14
0 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00
Minutes
0
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
µS
1
2
3 4 5
6
7
7
8
5 6
1
2
4
Time0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0
Res
pons
e
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
140.0
160.0
180.0
200.03 1. Fluoride
2. Acetate3. Chloride4. Nitrite5. Bromide6. Nitrate7. Phosphate8. Sulfate
1. Fluoride2. Chloride3. Nitrite4. Bromide5. Nitrate6. Phosphate7. Sulfate
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Comparison Cetac AN1 & the Dionex AS12
1
Time0.0 4.0 8.0 12.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
Res
pons
e (m
V)
4
32
5
6
7
2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00
Minutes
-0.50
0
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
µS
1
2
34 5
6
7
1. Fluoride2. Chloride3. Nitrite4. Bromide5. Nitrate6. Phosphate7. Sulfate
1. Fluoride2. Chloride3. Nitrite4. Bromide5. Nitrate6. Phosphate7. Sulfate
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Comparison Cetac ANSC & Dionex AS4A-SC
0 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00
Minutes
0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
µS
1
2
34
5
6
7
Time
2
3 4 5
6
7
1
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0
Con
duct
ivity
1. Fluoride2. Chloride3. Nitrite4. Bromide5. Nitrate6. Phosphate7. Sulfate
1. Fluoride2. Chloride3. Nitrite4. Bromide5. Nitrate6. Phosphate7. Sulfate
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Comparison Cetac AN300 & Dionex AS4A
0 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00
Minutes
0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
µS
1
2
34
5
6
7
Minutes
Con
duct
ivity
0 2 4 6 8 10
1
2
3
4 5
6
7
1. Fluoride2. Chloride3. Nitrite4. Bromide5. Nitrate6. Phosphate7. Sulfate
1. Fluoride2. Chloride3. Nitrite4. Bromide5. Nitrate6. Phosphate7. Sulfate
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Comparison Cetac AN300B & Dionex A9HC
0 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00
Minutes
0
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
µS
1
23
45
67
8
9
10
1
23
4
5
6
7
89
10
5 15 20 25100 30
Time
Con
duct
ivity
1. Fluoride2. Chlorite3. Bromate4. Chloride5. Nitrite
6. Chlorate7. Nitrate8. Bromide9. Phosphate10. Sulfate
1. Fluoride2. Chlorite3. Bromate4. Chloride5. Nitrite
6. Phosphate7. Bromide8. Chlorate9. Nitrate10. Sulfate
![Page 142: Chromatography Theory and Applications - Instituto de Qu ...quimica.udea.edu.co/~carlopez/cromatoion/ion_Chromatography_Theory... · Chromatography Theory uOverview uSeparation Modes](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052717/5c93b1ea09d3f2bc618b5d84/html5/thumbnails/142.jpg)
CompetitivePositioning and
Analysis Life Science Products
![Page 143: Chromatography Theory and Applications - Instituto de Qu ...quimica.udea.edu.co/~carlopez/cromatoion/ion_Chromatography_Theory... · Chromatography Theory uOverview uSeparation Modes](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052717/5c93b1ea09d3f2bc618b5d84/html5/thumbnails/143.jpg)
Life Science Position
Transgenomic supplies polymeric chromatography products which
provide superior solutions for target biological applications
![Page 144: Chromatography Theory and Applications - Instituto de Qu ...quimica.udea.edu.co/~carlopez/cromatoion/ion_Chromatography_Theory... · Chromatography Theory uOverview uSeparation Modes](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052717/5c93b1ea09d3f2bc618b5d84/html5/thumbnails/144.jpg)
Summary:
Focus on the development of superior columns for niche
applications for the life science market place
![Page 145: Chromatography Theory and Applications - Instituto de Qu ...quimica.udea.edu.co/~carlopez/cromatoion/ion_Chromatography_Theory... · Chromatography Theory uOverview uSeparation Modes](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052717/5c93b1ea09d3f2bc618b5d84/html5/thumbnails/145.jpg)
Conclusion
![Page 146: Chromatography Theory and Applications - Instituto de Qu ...quimica.udea.edu.co/~carlopez/cromatoion/ion_Chromatography_Theory... · Chromatography Theory uOverview uSeparation Modes](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052717/5c93b1ea09d3f2bc618b5d84/html5/thumbnails/146.jpg)
IC Product Positioning
Cetac Technologies Offers a Complete Line of Chromatography
Columns that Provide Superior Solutions for the Analysis of Ionic
Species at a lower cost than Competitive Alternatives
![Page 147: Chromatography Theory and Applications - Instituto de Qu ...quimica.udea.edu.co/~carlopez/cromatoion/ion_Chromatography_Theory... · Chromatography Theory uOverview uSeparation Modes](https://reader033.vdocument.in/reader033/viewer/2022052717/5c93b1ea09d3f2bc618b5d84/html5/thumbnails/147.jpg)
Life Science Product Position
Transgenomic supplies polymeric chromatography products which
provide superior solutions for target biological applications