Download - Chromosome 2015
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Prokaryotic chromosomes
•Circular double helix
•Complexed with protein in a
structure termed the nucleoid
•Attached to plasma
membrane
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Eukaryotic Chromosomes
• Located in the nucleus
• Each chromosome consists of a single molecule of
DNA and its associated proteins
he DNA and protein complex found in eukaryoticchromosomes is called chromatin!"# DNA and $"# protein
•Complex interactions between proteins and nucleic
acids in the chromosomes regulate gene and
chromosomal function
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(1) Kromatid. Salah satu daridua bagian identikkromosom yang terbentuksetelah fase S pada
pembelahan sel.(2) Sentromer. Tempat
persambungan keduakromatid, dan tempatmelekatnya mikrotubulus.
(3) Lengan pendek() Lengan pan!ang.
Kinetokor " tempatpelekatan benang spindle
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fase_Shttp://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fase_S
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A typical mitotic chromosome at
metaphase
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Figure 7-13 Forms of chromotin structure seen in EM(electron microscopy)
Figure 7-13 Forms of chromotin structure seen in EM(electron microscopy)
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• #hromosomes are made of$%&.
• 'ah ontains genes in a
linear order.
• uman body ells ontain *hromosomes in 23 pairs +one of eah pair inheritedfrom eah parent
•
#hromosome pairs 1 + 22are alled autosomes.
• The 23rd pair are alled sehromosomes"-- is female, - is male.
/ene for sikle ell disease(hromosome 11)
/ene for ysti 0brosis
(hromosome )
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pp
#entromere#entromere
#hromosome #hromosome
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(1) Nucleosomes are the
building blocks ofchromosomesT h e
n u cl e
o s om e
The nucleosome is composed ofa core of eight histone proteinsand the DNA (core DNA, 147 bp)wrapped around them The DNAbetween each nucleosome is
called a linker DNA !acheukar"ote has a characteristica#erage linker DNA length ($%&
'% bp)
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Figure 7-18 DNApacage! into
nucleosome
Figure 7-18 DNApacage! into
nucleosome
"i#-fol! DNA compaction
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Nucleosome %tructures
&istone octamer
$ &$A
$ &$'
$
$ &(
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i#e abundant histones are 1 (linker histone, $% kd), $A,
$*, + and 4 (core histones,11&1 kd)
The core histones share a
common structural fold, calledhistone&fold domain
The core histones each ha#e an
N&terminal -tail., the sites of
($) istones are small,positi#el" charged (basic)proteinsT h
e
n u cl e
o s om e
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istone 1 binds to the linkerDNA between nucleosome,
inducing tighter DNAwrapping around thenucleosome
)i gh er & or d e
r ch r om
at i n st
r u c
Figures 7-$8% $&Figures 7-$8% $&
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A model of centromere structure
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Figure 7-' entromeres% origin of replication an!telomere are reuire! for euaryotic chrom* maintenanceFigure 7-' entromeres% origin of replication an!telomere are reuire! for euaryotic chrom* maintenance
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e2uired for the correctsegregation of the chromosomesafter replication
Direct the formation ofkinetochore (an elaborateprotein comple/) essential forchrom segregation
3ne chromosome, onecentromere
The sie #aries ($%% bp& 54% kb)
6entromeres 6 h r om o s om e d u pl i c at i o
n 7
s e gr e g