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Chuck Hofacre
President, Southern Poultry Research Group
and
Professor Emeritus,
The University of Georgia
CONSIDERATIONS FOR ANTIBIOTIC-FREE
PRODUCTION
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PRE-ANTIBIOTIC FREE MANAGEMENT
NUTRITIONIST
LIVE PRODUCTION
VETERINARIAN
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ANTIBIOTIC-FREE MANAGEMENT
Also Human Medically Important
NUTRITIONIST
LIVE PRODUCTION
VETERINARIAN
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GUIDING PRINCIPLES
• Ingredient quality crucial
• Feeding program is critical
• Control Eimeria maxima
• Maintain healthy gut flora
• Reduce bacteria and virus load in flock
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N. E.
Intestinal Damage
by coccidia infection
Intestinal T-cell
Immune response
Releases cytokines
TNF/IFN
Cytokines activate
Mucin gene of goblet cellsIncreased mucus
production by
goblet cells
Alpha-Toxin
Production
C. perfringens produces
mucolytic enzymes
Increased growth of
C. perfringens
(8-10 minute generation
time)
Collier, et al. Vet Inf & Immun. 122:104-115. 2008
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Ionophore(antibiotic)
HealthyIntestine
Coccidia
↓ T-cellInflammatoryResponse
↓ Crypt Goblet
Cell # and Cell size
↑ C. perfringensToxin AProduction
Mucolyticbacteria
X
X
X
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Clinical N.E. Subclinical N.E.
Reduced weight
Reduced growth rate
Impaired FCR
Mortality
Morbidity
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MY EXPERIENCE
• 1st grow-out is your best - House flora??
• Chick quality is critical
• N.E. more sever in wetter times (winter in U.S.)
• Greater square footage
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MY EXPERIENCE
• Poorer managed farm = more N.E.
• When clinical N.E. occurs, often not all houses affected
• Clean/new litter is a huge risk factor
• Coccidia vaccine – 16.3 days of age (J. Smith)
• 14 day – downtime minimum
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FEEDING PROGRAM
• Feed changes at wrong time – Based on cocci control
-18 days o.k. for vaccine program
• Higher protein early = higher N. E.
• Want highly digestible protein early
• Welfare programs may clash with ABF
-i.e. 6 hours continuous darkness??
• Phytase and rickets??
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FEEDING PROGRAM
Subclinical N. E. can lose 4 points (1.66 to 1.70/3.25kg) • Feed passage up to 15% is normal,
starts in second feed• All veg diet – a problem ? ?
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CONTROL INTESTINAL EPITHELIUM DAMAGE
• Ingredient quality
• Mycotoxins
• Biogenic amines
• Coccidia Control
• Vaccines
• Chemicals
• Both (Bioshuttles)
(Good Gut Health)
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0
5
10
15
20
25
Day
0
Day
14
Day
18
Day
22
Day
28
Day
35
Day
42
Chickens vaccinated on day of hatch
Oocyst shedding peaks
As immunity develops, the number decrease
Damage to mucosa from 7 to 22 days with major damage ~ 18 to 21 days
Oocyst Shedding Pattern following Coccivac-B Vaccination
Oocyst 1 x 1000
Hofacre 2018 P.S. 97:1929-1933
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0
10
20
30
40
50
No Cocci CP only EA EM EA/EM
% Necrotic Enteritis Mortality
Hofacre 2018 P.S. 97:1929-1933
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N. E.
Intestinal Damage
by coccidia infection
Intestinal T-cell
Immune response
Releases cytokines
TNF/IFN
Cytokines activate
Mucin gene of goblet cellsIncreased mucus
production by
goblet cells
Alpha-Toxin
Production
C. perfringens produces
mucolytic enzymes
Increased growth of
C. perfringens
(8-10 minute generation
time)
Collier, et al. Vet Inf & Immun. 122:104-115. 2008
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COCCI CONTROL
• Vaccines in U. S.Coccivac™, Advent™,Inovocox™, Hatch Pak™*No difference in NE incidence
• 2 doses – Hatchery and spray litter??
• E. maxima takes are the problem• Combine vaccine and chemical coccidiostat in Bioshuttle• Need at least 1 cocci cycle
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BIRD HEALTH = GUT HEALTH
• Chick Quality 14%
• N. E./Cocci 27%
• Respiratory 13%
• GD 12%
• IBH 7%
• BCO 5%
• Unknown 10%
(Number of Cases January 2016 – March 2016)
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BIRD HEALTH = GUT HEALTH
1. Egg Pack is critical
2. Chick Quality is critical
3. If 1 & 2 perfect without Gentamicin 0.5%
higher first week
4. If 1 & 2 less than perfect Happy at 3.5%
average first week
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MINIMIZE SELF INDUCED DISEASE
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VIRAL VACCINE REACTIONS
• Minimalist approach to IBV and NDV vaccines
• Maintain good immune system health
➖ Breeder IBDV/CAV vaccination
➖ Broiler IBD vaccination ? ?
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N. E.
Intestinal Damage
by coccidia infection
Intestinal T-cell
Immune response
Releases cytokines
TNF/IFN
Cytokines activate
Mucin gene of goblet cellsIncreased mucus
production by
goblet cells
Alpha-Toxin
Production
C. perfringens produces
mucolytic enzymes
Increased growth of
C. perfringens
(8-10 minute generation
time)
Collier, et al. Vet Inf & Immun. 122:104-115. 2008
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CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS
• Soil organism
• Anaerobe forms highly resistant spores
• Normal flora
• Alpha, beta and Net B toxins
• Toxins or digestive enzyme??
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0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
corn wheat probiotic antibiotic monensin
T-R
F p
eak a
reas (
%)
Proteobac
Bacteroides
Streptococcus
Enterococcus
C. lituseburense
C. irregularis
Clostridium spp.
L. crispatus
L. acidophilus
Lactobacillus spp.
Bacteria composition of the Ileum
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PREVENT NECROTIC ENTERITIS
1.Control intestinal epithelium damage
• ingredient quality
• Coccidia
2.Prevent toxigenic strains of C. perfringens
from multiplying
• Ingredient types
• Use of enzymes
3.Maintain Healthy Intestinal Microbial Flora
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TRAIN SERVICE TECHS TO POST BIRDS
“It looked like gelatin inside the intestine.” Service Tech
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TRAIN SERVICE TECHS
Rickets
• Malabsorption?
Osteomyelitis
and
“Kinky Back”
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WATER TREATMENT PROGRAM
• Water disinfectant
• Aspirin
• Mucolytic
• Antibacterial
• Phytogenic
• Short/medium chain fatty acids
• Coccidia control
• Amprolium
• Saponins
• Essential oils
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N.E. INTERVENTIONS TESTED THAT WORK:
• Enzymes i.e. Phytase, Amylase, etc.
• Prebiotics (MOS)
• Probiotics (Defined/undefined)
• Organic acids
• Inorganic acids
• Phytoceuticals (essential oils, Saponins, etc.)
• Immune stimulants/modulators
• Combination of above
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