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Circulatory Systems
AP Biology 2006-2007
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AP Biology
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Exchange of materials� Animal cells exchange material across
their cell membrane� fuels for energy � nutrients
AP Biology
� oxygen �waste (urea, CO 2)
� If you are a 1-cell organism that’s easy!� If you are many-celled that’s harder
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Overcoming limitations of diffusion
aa
CO2CO2
CO2NH3
NH3
NH3aa O2
� Diffusion is not adequate for moving material across more than 1-cell barrier
AP Biology
O2CHO
CHO
aa
CH
CO2
NH3aa
O2
CH
aa
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2 CO2
CO2
CO2
NH3 NH3
NH3
NH3
NH3NH3
O2
aa
CH
CHO
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In circulation…� What needs to be transported� nutrients & fuels
� from digestive system
� respiratory gases� O2 & CO2 from & to gas exchange systems: lungs, gills
� intracellular waste
AP Biology
� intracellular waste� waste products from cells� water, salts, nitrogenous wastes (urea)
� protective agents� immune defenses� white blood cells & antibodies
� blood clotting agents
� regulatory molecules� hormones
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Circulatory systems� All animals have:� circulatory fluid = “blood ”� tubes = blood vessels�muscular pump = heart
open closed
AP Biology
open closed
hemolymph blood
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Open circulatory system� Taxonomy� invertebrates
� insects, arthropods, mollusks
AP Biology
mollusks
� Structure� no separation
between blood & interstitial fluid � hemolymph
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Closed circulatory system� Taxonomy� invertebrates
� earthworms, squid, octopuses
� vertebrates� Structure
closed system = higher pressures
AP Biology
� Structure� blood confined to
vessels & separate from interstitial fluid
� 1 or more hearts� large vessels to
smaller vessels� material diffuses
between vessels & interstitial fluid
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Vertebrate circulatory system� Adaptations in closed system� number of heart chambers differs
2 3 4
AP Biology4 chamber heart is double pump = separates oxygen-r ich & oxygen-poor blood; maintains high pressure
What’s the adaptive value of a 4 chamber heart?
low pressureto body
low O 2to body
high pressure & high O 2to body
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Evolution of vertebrate circulatory system
fish amphibian reptiles birds & mammals2 chamber 3 chamber 3 chamber 4 chamber
AP Biology
A A
VV V VV
A AAAA
V
2 chamber 3 chamber 3 chamber 4 chamber
Birds ANDmammals!
Wassssup?!
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Evolution of 4-chambered heart� Selective forces� ↑ body size
� protection from predation� bigger body = bigger stomach for
herbivores
� endothermy
AP Biology
convergentevolution
� endothermy� can colonize more habitats
� flight� decrease predation & increase prey
capture
� Effect of higher metabolic rate� greater need for energy, fuels, O 2,
waste removal� endothermic animals need 10x energy� need to deliver 10x fuel & O 2 to cells
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Vertebrate cardiovascular system� Chambered heart� atrium = receive blood� ventricle = pump blood out
� Blood vessels
AP Biology
� Blood vessels� arteries = carry blood away from heart
� arterioles
� veins = return blood to heart� venules
� capillaries = point of exchange, thin wall� capillary beds = networks of capillaries
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Blood vesselsarteries
arterioles
capillaries
artery
arteriolesvenules
veins
AP Biology
capillaries
venules
veins
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Arteries: Built for high pressure pump� Arteries� thicker walls
� provide strength for high pressure pumping of blood
narrower diameter
AP Biology
� narrower diameter� elasticity
� elastic recoil helps maintain blood pressure even when heart relaxes
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Veins: Built for low pressure flow� Veins� thinner-walled �wider diameter
� blood travels back to heart at low velocity & pressure
Open valve
Blood flowstoward heart
AP Biology
at low velocity & pressure� lower pressure� distant from heart� blood must flow by skeletal muscle
contractions when we move � squeeze blood through veins
� valves� in larger veins one-way valves
allow blood to flow only toward heart
Closed valve
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Capillaryies: Built for exchange� Capillaries� very thin walls
� lack 2 outer wall layers � only endothelium � enhances exchange
AP Biology
� enhances exchange across capillary
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Controlling blood flow to tissues� Blood flow in capillaries controlled by
pre-capillary sphincters� supply varies as blood is needed� after a meal , blood supply to digestive tract increases� during strenuous exercise , blood is diverted from
digestive tract to skeletal muscles
AP Biology
digestive tract to skeletal muscles
� capillaries in brain , heart , kidneys & liver usually filled to capacity
sphincters open sphincters closed
Why?
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Exchange across capillary wallsLymphaticcapillaryFluid & solutes flows
out of capillaries to tissues due to blood pressure� “bulk flow”
Interstitial fluid flows back into capillaries due to osmosis� plasma proteins ↑ osmotic
pressure in capillary
BP > OP BP < OP
AP Biology Arteriole
Bloodflow
Venule
Interstitialfluid
BP > OP BP < OP
15% fluid returns via lymph
85% fluid returns to capillaries
What aboutedema?
Capillary
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Lymphatic system� Parallel circulatory system� transports white blood cells
� defending against infection
� collects interstitial fluid & returns to blood
AP Biology
returns to blood� maintains volume & protein
concentration of blood� drains into circulatory system
near junction of vena cava & right atrium
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Lymph System
AP Biology
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Mammaliancirculation
pulmonary
systemic
AP BiologyWhat do blue vs. red areas represent?What do blue vs. red areas represent?
systemic
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Mammalian heart
Coronary arteries
to neck & head& arms
AP Biology
Coronary arteries
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Coronary arteries
bypass surgery
AP Biology
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AV
SL
AV
Heart valves� 4 valves in the heart� flaps of connective tissue� prevent backflow
� Atrioventricular (AV) valve� between atrium & ventricle
AP Biology
AV
� keeps blood from flowing back into atria when ventricles contract� “lub”
� Semilunar valves� between ventricle & arteries� prevent backflow from arteries into
ventricles while they are relaxing� “dub”
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SL
AV
Lub-dub, lub-dub� Heart sounds� closing of valves� “Lub”
� recoil of blood against closed AV valves
AP Biology
AV
closed AV valves
� “Dub”� recoil of blood against
semilunar valves
� Heart murmur� defect in valves causes hissing sound when
stream of blood squirts backward through valve
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Cardiac cycle� 1 complete sequence of pumping� heart contracts & pumps� heart relaxes & chambers fill � contraction phase
� systole
AP Biology
systolic________diastolic
pump (peak pressure)_________________fill (minimum pressure)
� systole� ventricles pumps blood out
� relaxation phase� diastole� atria refill with blood
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Measurement of blood pressure
AP Biology
� High Blood Pressure (hypertension)� if top number ( systolic pumping) > 150
� if bottom number ( diastolic filling) > 90
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Bloody well asksome questions, already !
AP Biology 2006-2007