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Citation Success: What does it mean & how do
you achieve it?
Graham H. PykeSchool of the Environment
University of Technology Sydney
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I dedicate this lecture to my parents, Tom and Margery Pyke
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Citation Success:My message today
• Citations matter, both to individuals and their institutions, hugely now & even more in future;
• I have (credibly) worked out the ‘secrets’ to citation success;
• I plan to provide some further guidance in the future.
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However …
• I am not claiming that counting citations is the only, or the best, thing to do
• That might be a topic for some other occasion
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What are citations?
• A reference within a presentation (written or oral) to another presentation
• Reference identifies author(s) & location of presentation
• Points to another presentation that provides relevant material (supporting, inspiring, incorrect, disliked etc)
=> Importance of citations
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Importance of Citations
Citations are fundamentally important because ….
Each citation indicates an influence of the original presentation on another
And henceThe accumulated number of citations to a
particular presentation provides a measure of its total influence
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Citations vs Contribution to literature
Citations & Influence (i.e., Contribution, Impact etc) are generally correlated
BUT
• Specific to different areas(e.g., Ecology\ Environment vs Medicine)
• Poorly correlated in some areas(e.g., Systematics\ Taxonomy)
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Citations:Today’s focus vs Other things
• Research (not other scholarly activities)• Publications of articles in journals and books
(not other presentations)However …
Much of what I have to say is relevant to all kinds of scholarly activity and presentation
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Keeping count of citations: Initially a research tool
• Eugene Garfield – from ~1960• Institute for Scientific Information (ISI)• Scientific Citation Index (SCI) =>Later other citation indices• Current Contents
Tables of contents for journals (initially several hundred for biology & medicine)
Author contact detailsKeyword index‘Citation Classics’Manual to computer-based
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Counting Citations:Some basic issues
• Publication venues• Date period for original published articles• Date period for citations=>Different approaches
• Self-citations (author, institution, country)• Disambiguation of names (authors, journals,
institutions)=>General approaches
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Citation Information:What are the sources?
• Scopus• Web of Knowledge (includes ISI indices &
others)• Google Scholar
All scholarly publicationsTime periods without limit=>Hence …Includes highest % of published articles (~95% in
my case vs ~60% for others)Gives highest citation counts (~6500 in my case vs
about ~5000 for the others)
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Evaluations using Citations
• Article• Journal• Author• Institution
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Citation evaluation: Articles
• Time course of citations
• Evaluation criteriaTotalImmediacyRecent‘Highly-cited’
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Citation evaluation: Journals
• Impact Factor= Average number of citations per recent article• RankingÞ Authors &
institutions target journals with highest impact factors
• Very High ~20ScienceNature
• High ~10
• Others
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Citation evaluation: Authors
• Total citations • Avg citations per published article• Hirst- or H-index= Number N such that author has published N articles with at least N citations each=>Total citations & H-index increasingly reported & used
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Citation evaluation: Authors
• Position
• Tenure/ Promotion
• Funding (e.g., grants)
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Citation evaluation: Institutions
• Indices & rankings influence student enrolments, funding, donations & bequests
• Both international & national
• They all include citations
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Shanghai Jiao Tong Index(aka Academic Ranking of World
Universities)• Innocent beginnings, now big business• Criteria:
Nobel Prizes/ Fields Medals (30%)Highly-cited Researchers (20%)Articles in Nature & Science (20%)Science Citation Index & Social Sciences Citation
Index (20%)Per capita academic performance re citations
(10%)
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UTS & the SJT Index
• UTS World Rank according to SJT :Up till 2010 - >5002011 - 4872012 - 460
• Highly-cited authors
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
YEAR
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
HIG
HLY
-CIT
ED
AU
THO
RS
AT
UTS
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# highly-cited authors:Putting it in perspective
• UTS 4• Macquarie Uni 5• Uni of Sydney 7• Uni of Melb 10• ANU 17• Harvard / Stanford ~100
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Citation Success:Who cares?
• Universities• Other Agencies (e.g., Funding)• Colleagues• IndividualsÞCitations matter, for everyone,
now and will matter increasingly in the future
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Citations:A fundamental conclusion
Both individual authors, and their institutions, will need to pay increasing attention to citations and adopt strategies aimed at enhancing them.
Such strategies should reinforce one another.
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Citations:A strategy for individual success?
• The good news is that ….
There is a strategy, suitable for anyone, that should lead to enhanced citation success
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Citation Success: Why listen to me?• Relevant experience & achievementsBUT …• Vaguely aware in past, but paid negligible
attention• Thinking/ talking about it since Nov 2011• Commenced analysing my own citations just a
few days agoSO …• My past was independent of any consideration
of citation success or how to achieve it
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Citation Success: Why listen to me?• #’s CitationsÞ ~ 6,500 in totalÞ ‘ISI Highly-cited’ Author
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Citation Success:Why listen to me?
#’s citations per published article
Þ Consistently high
Þ H-index 34
0 1 2 3 4LOG10 (# CITATIONS)
0
5
10
15
20
25
CO
UN
T
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Citation Success:Why listen to me?
• Co-authored articles with other highly-cited authors
• Four highly-cited authorsRic CharnovPaul EhrlichRon PulliamNick Waser
• Senior author for 3 of 4 articles (excl. book reviews etc)
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Citation Success: Why listen to me?• Other ‘highly-cited’
authors as colleagues• Other Universities
• UTS –
Geoff Anstis (Materials Science)
John Geweke (Economics/ Business)
Matt Wand (mathematics)
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Citation Success:Why listen to me?
• Personal experience
• Comparing notes with others
• Limited analysis
All these lead to the same conclusions
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Citations: The ‘secrets’ to success
My ‘Secrets’ should lead to both: ÞEnhanced citation successÞEnhanced contribution to literature
My ‘Secrets’ are not profound (obvious, straightforward, universally applicable) and yet highly profound at the same time (rarely well adopted)
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Citation Success:Format for what follows
• For each ‘secret’ …
Recipe
Example from my research
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Citation Success:Secret #1 - Recipe
SIGNIFICANCE re issue or question(Prospective vs. retrospective)Choose an issue or question (prospective) or set your work within a context (retrospective) of high significance (i.e., importance, relevance, usefulness)… the higher the better… but need to credible
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Citation Success:Secret #1 - Example
• Question:
Why do animals (& other organisms) forage (or feed) the way they do?
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Citation Success:Secret #1 - Example
Significant because …All organisms ‘forage’;Foraging is important to individual organisms;Foraging often a major activity re time & energy;Including foraging is necessary for understanding
other phenomena & patterns (e.g., other aspects of behaviour, population dynamics, inter-species interactions, structure of communities, patterns of co-evolution).
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Citation Success:Secret #2 - Recipe
INFLUENCE of publication or presentation
(Looking forward or looking back)
Seek to have as much influence as possible, through changing how people think, what they say, and what they do.
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Citation Success:Secret #2 - Example
• Question:
Why do animals (& other organisms) forage the way they do?
• Approach advocated:
Optimal Foraging Theory
• Influence sought:
Adopt the approach
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Citation Success:Secret #3 - Recipe
PRESENTATIONS(Looking backwards)
Give presentations that are captivating, compelling & memorable.
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Citation Success:Secret #3 - Example
My publications re Optimal Foraging Theory
This lecture?
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Citation Success:Secret #4 - Recipe
SUSTAIN the approach
Don’t just do it; keep doing it.
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Citation Success: Secret #4 - Example
• My citations
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Citation Success: Secret #4 - Example
Seeking to influence Yes No # journal articles 21 66 Min # citations 0 0 Max # citations 1833 161 Avg # citations 217 25 S.E. 93 4
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Citation Success: The Secrets in Summary
• SIPS …SignificanceInfluencePresentationSustained
• Really …Approach or Mindset
• What else ….ToolsMentoring or Advice
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Citation Success:Tools #1 - Significance
• Identify questions &/or issues
• Hierarchy
• Evaluate
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Citation Success:Tools #1 - Example
• Why do animals forage the way they do?• Do animals forage in ways that are consistent
with Optimal Foraging Theory (OFT)?• Do bumblebees forage in ways that maximise
Net Rate of Energy Intake?• Is the foraging behaviour of bumblebee species
X, while taking nectar from flowers of plant sp Y, in location Z, consistent with this hypothesis?
• Different aspects of foraging behaviour (e.g., choice, departure, movement)
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Citation Success:Tools #1 - Significance
• Evaluation criteriaLevelInterestAchievableSimple & ClearCredible
• Scoring system=> Hierarchical Context with Significance Max at each Level
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Citation Success:Tool #1 – The end result
Issues/ questions of high significance to either pursue or use as context for work already undertaken
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Citation Success:Tools #2 - Influence
• Who?
• What?
• How?
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Citation Success:Tools #2 - Example
• Question: Why do organisms forage the way they do?
• Who?
All ecologists & behaviourists
& ??
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Citation Success:Tools #2 - Influence
• Question: Why do organisms forage the way they do?
• What influence?
Adopt the OFT approach.
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Citation Success:Tools #2 - Influence
• Question: Why do organisms forage the way they do?
• How?
Review the literature, critically & constructively, & provide examples of successful application of OFT approach
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Citation Success:Tool #2: Influence – The end result
Plan with targeted audience, goal in terms of influence, methods for achieving goal
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Influence: What about it?
Seeking to influence is the most important aspect of achieving citation success
Influence requires a mission, passion, arrogance & confidence
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Citation Success:Tool #3 - Presentation
• Standard approach …LogicalKISSShortConcise
• Plus extras …CaptivatingCompellingMemorable
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Presentation:Graham’s Standard Approach to writing
• Logical order of simple points• These are lead sentences of separate
paragraphs• One point per paragraphÞApplies to articles, reviews, grant proposals,
reports etcÞTest & Consequences
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Writing:Test & Consequences
Test
Combine lead sentences of each paragraph into single body of text.
Convey ‘story’ simply & completely
Understandable to almost anyone.
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Writing:Test & Consequences
Consequences
Basis for abstract or summary(Emphasise introduction, discussion & conclusion)
Basis for being captivating, compelling & memorable
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Citation Success:Presentations – The Extra Stuff
Captivating
• Focus on reader
Attention Read on
• Progression
Title Abstract/ Summary Introduction
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Citation Success:Presentations – The Extra Stuff
Compelling & Memorable• What …
Convey …SignificanceInfluence
• How …Brainstorm – title, major pointsShow to colleague, friend etc
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Citation Success:Presentations
Present story that is captivating, compelling and memorable, in a simple, concise and logical manner.
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Citation Success:Tools #4 - Sustaining what it takes
• Work position & environment
• Determination & passion
• Balance in life
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Citation Success:The strategy so far
• Approach (SIPS) = Mindset• Tools
=>Mentoring
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Citation Success:Mentoring
Seek the best possible mentoring & take advantage of any resulting advice or other assistance
Work in pairs or groups
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Citation Success:Strategy at a glance
• Adopt the SIPS approachSignificanceInfluencePresentationSustain
• Within an overall ATM strategyApproachToolsMentoring
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Citation Success:No better alternative
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Citation Success:Graham’s further advice & assistance
• Who?
From stage of developing first research project to still wishing to have influence
I.e., Postgrad students to Professors(including myself!)
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Citation Success:Graham’s further advice & assistance
• How?
MentoringTrain the trainerWorkshopsWritten step-wise program
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Citation Success:Graham’s further advice & assistance
• When?
=>New year ≥ Feb or Mar
• Notification
=>New year ≥ Jan or Feb
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Citation Success vs Quality of research(or other scholarly activity)
• Significance• Influence• Presentation• Sustain
=>Improved quality of research (or other scholarly activity)
=> Other endeavours?
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Citation Success:Final Comment
Adopting the recommended approach & tools should lead to both enhanced citation success and improved research quality
=>Therefore worth doing regardless of how academic landscape may change in the future
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Citation Success:Balance in Life
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Citation Success:Balance in Life