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CIVE 353Soil Classification
Clay Soils
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Shrinkage Limit (SL)
Solid
Plastic Limit (PL)
Liquid Limit (LL)
Increasing water content
Stress
Strain
Stress
Strain
Stress
Strain
Linear elastic – brittle failure
Non-linear inelastic
Elastic - Plastic
Semi- Solid
Plastic
Liquid
STATESTRESS-STRAIN BEHAVIOUR AT
VARIOUS STATES
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Liquid Limit (LL)
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Atterberg Device
Liquid Limit (LL)Moisture content that closes gaps @ 25 blows
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Liquid Limit (LL)Moisture content @ penetration = 20mm
Plastic Limit (PL)
Roll clay until it breaks at 1/8 inch thick
(3.2mm)
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Plastic Index (PI)
Shrinkage Limit (SL)
Solid
Plastic Limit (PL)
Liquid Limit (LL)
Increasing moisture content
Semi- Solid
Plastic
Liquid
STATE
LL = PL PI = 0 Non plastic (silt)
LL > PL PI > 0 Plastic clays
PI = LL-PL
Burmister (1949) Classification
Low plasticity5-10
Slightly plastic1-5
Nonplastic0
Very high plasticity>40
High plasticity20-40
Medium plasticity10-20
DescriptionPI
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Activity (A)
by weight)fraction size-clay(percent PI =A
( )weightbyfractionsizeclaypercentPIA
−=
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Plasticity Index and Clay Content
Atterberg Limits and Clay Minerals
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Liquidity Index (LI)
Compares field water content with LL and PL.
PIPL - w
PL - LLPL - w ==LI
PL LLPI
w1
LI=0 LI=1 LI>1
w2 w3
Bulky Soils
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Sieve Analysis
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Fine sand, silt and clay
Soil fraction passing
No. 40 sieve (0.425mm)
(min))()(
tcmLKmmD =
K = f(temp and Gs)
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Gap graded
Poorly graded
Well graded
Particle Size Definitions
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Particle Size Distribution Curves
UniformityofCoefficentDDCu
10
60 ==
radiation 1060
302
GofCoefficentDxD
DCc ==
Grain Size Distribution
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Unified Soil Classification System
(USCS)
UNIFIED Soil Classification System (USCS)
Boulder > 300 Cobble 76.2 - 300 Gravel 4.75 – 76.2 Sand 0.075 – 4.75 Silt .005 – 0.075 Clay 0.002 - .005 Colloid < 0.002
Particle diameter (mm)
Bulky Particles
Plate/Needle Particles
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Soil Classification Systems
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