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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONASSIGNMENT: RESEARCH Proposal,ASSIGNMENT: RESEARCH Proposal,
Level of chlorine in drinkingLevel of chlorine in drinking
water of Islamabad atwater of Islamabad atconsumers end.consumers end.
Dr Farrukh Iqbal,Roll No:6Dr Farrukh Iq
bal,Roll No:6
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IntroductionIntroduction
--Water is included in Physical environmentWater is included in Physical environment-3/4-3/4thth of earth surface is waterof earth surface is water
-6 million gallon water evaporate/ sec-6 million gallon water evaporate/ sec
-Much of ill health in under developed country is due to water-Much of ill health in under developed country is due to water
RationaleRationale
of our research is to know Chlorine level in water supply of Islamabad soof our research is to know Chlorine level in water supply of Islamabad sothat consumer can get maximum benefits of chlorination and avail safethat consumer can get maximum benefits of chlorination and avail safe
water supplywater supply..
LITERATURE REVIEW Water is vital for life and is one of the basic resources for existence
According to United Nations statistics, over one billion people, one-sixthof the worlds population, lack clean drinking water
Contamination of natural sources of fresh water is a serious issue inPakistan as wastewater from raw sewage, industrial waste, and agriculture
runoffs may be mishandled and dumped directly into lakes, rivers and
streams.
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Chlorine, the most common disinfectant in the US, is effective in killing mostpathogenic bacteria and viruses.
Many public water systems add chlorine (a process known as chlorination)to their water supply for the purpose of disinfection
Why Add Chlorine to Drinking WaterWhy A
dd Chlorine to Drinking Water
To kill certain bacteria
To replace chlorine lost by dissipation in the municipal pipingsystem
To ensure adequate disinfection when pH is high
What Chlorine Level is Recommended forWhat Chlorine Level is Recommended for
Continuous DisinfectionContinuous DisinfectionAs a general guideline, drinking water should contain 0.5- to 2As a general guideline, drinking water should contain 0.5- to 2
ppm chlorine throughout an automated watering systemppm chlorine throughout an automated watering system
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Chloroform Range 0.7 - 540 g/L, Mean 26.4 g/L
Bromodichloromethane
Range 1.9 - 183 g/L, Mean 9.1 g/L
Chlorodibromomethane
Range 0.4 - 280 g/L, Mean 5.7 g/L
Bromoform Range0.4 - 280 g/L, Mean 5.7 g/L
ChloroaceticAcid
Range
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AIM:AIM:
To assess the level ofTo assess the level ofchlorination inchlorination indrinking water atdrinking water at
consumer end.consumer end.OBJECTIVESOBJ
ECTIVES::
To quantify the levelTo quantify the levelof chlorine in drinkingof chlorine in drinking
water at consumerwater at consumerendend
What are the HealthWhat are the HealthEffects of ChlorineEffects of ChlorineByproductsBy
products
In animals manyIn animals many
adverse effects ofadverse effects ofchlorine Byproductschlorine Byproductshave been observedhave been observede.g. Liver, Intestinale.g. Liver, Intestinaland Kidney tumors butand Kidney tumors but
in Human beings upin Human beings uptill now Carcinoma oftill now Carcinoma ofBladder is reported.Bladder is reported.
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METHODOLOGY:
Type of study:
Comparative cross sectional surveyData collection techniques:
Forty Five houses from each sub-sector of G6 and G10 subsequently
will be selected randomly. Sample
will be taken in a glass bottle sun
light was tried to avoid.
Sampling:
Simple random sampling
Sample size:Samp
le size:
Sample size is calculatedSample size is calculated
with Macorr Sample Sizewith Macorr Sample SizeCalculator. Available atCalculator. Available atwww.Macorr.com/ss_calculwww.Macorr.com/ss_calculator.htm.The sample of 360ator.htm.The sample of 360was calculated of 8000was calculated of 8000
houses of sector G6 and G10With 95% confidence leveland 5% error
Study site:
G6 and G10 sectors of
Islamabad
Study duration:
90 days
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Plan for data collection,Plan for data collection,processing and analysis:processing and analysis:Samples have to be collected in aSamples have to be collected in aglass bottle and avoid sun lightglass bottle and avoid sun light
because of its effects on chlorine.because of its effects on chlorine.Level of chlorine should beLevel of chlorine should becalculated through orth tolidine testcalculated through orth tolidine test
Data Collection tool:Data Collection tool:The principal investigator willThe principal investigator willreceive the data and he will enterreceive the data and he will enter
the data and analyze it.the data and analyze it.
Data EntryData Entry::Data will be enter by the researcherData will be enter by the researcherusing SPSS version16using SPSS version16
Plan of AnalysisPlan of Analysis::Descriptive statistics such asDescriptive statistics such as
means, standard deviations,means, standard deviations,frequencies, rates, and ratios willfrequencies, rates, and ratios willbe calculated for different variablesbe calculated for different variables
Data Security and QualityData Security and QualityManagementManagementPilot testing of questionnaire will bePilot testing of questionnaire will becarried out in another in unioncarried out in another in union
council other then the union councilscouncil other then the union councilsof study area. Questionnaire will beof study area. Questionnaire will bekept in lock in key with thekept in lock in key with theresearcher. Field editing will be doneresearcher. Field editing will be doneof questionnaire. Researcher willof questionnaire. Researcher willmake sure that the data is collectedmake sure that the data is collected
properly by data collectors byproperly by data collectors byrefilling the 5-10 questionnaires inrefilling the 5-10 questionnaires inthe field daily.the field daily.
ETHICALETHICALCONSIDERATIONCONSIDERATION::
Prior approval of the study fromPrior approval of the study from
ethical review board ofethical review board ofHEALTHHEALTHSERVICES ACADEMYSERVICES ACADEMY will bewill betaken. Then written consent will betaken. Then written consent will betaken from every household beforetaken from every household before
the collection of samplethe collection of sample..
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Variables:Variables:
SourceSource DistanceDistance
Distribution systemDistribution system
Level of chlorineLevel of chlorine
WORK PLANWORK PLAN::
One team will be formedOne team will be formedfor this purposes and thisfor this purposes and thisteam will have threeteam will have threemembers.members.
I will also take threeI will also take threevolunteers for thisvolunteers for this
purposepurpose
BudgetBudgetA Total amount ofA Total amount of
Rs=51,670/Pkr isRs=51,670/Pkr isrequiredrequired
for total study.for total study.
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Of Chlori
Hiring of Person
Task to be performS#