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Phonetics ~ Class 7
CD 233
Lisa Lavoie
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Today’s learning objectives
Correct any misconceptions from HW
Summarize the Source-Filter Theory
Explore different types of sources, airstreams
Discover how vowels are formed
Investigate nasalization
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Homework on Pinker Video
Language is unlimited Example of world’s longest sentence The rules are recursive so they can build
Arbitrariness of the sign Onomatopoeia is the exception
What else was troublesome?
Discuss disorders w/r/t Pinker
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Are your vocal folds vibrating?
When vocal folds vibrate during production of a sound, we say the sound is voiced
Put your palm on your throat and speak
Do you feel a buzz?
The buzz comes from vibrating vocal folds
Buzz like a bee, hiss like a snake; say “aah” then whisper it
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The Source-Filter Theory
The Source-Filter theory of speech production says it is a 2-stage process
1) Generate a sound source
2) Filter it through the shaped vocal tract
A client’s speech issue can often be isolated to the source or the filter
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Think of the play-doh factory
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And pasta machines
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What’s the dough?
The dough represents the source
You can have a sticky source, a crumbly source, a smooth source, an interrupted source, thick, thin
The filter plate represents the oral tract that shapes the source
You can make all kinds of funny shapes
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How does the raw source sound?
http://sail.usc.edu/~lgoldste/General_Phonetics/Source_Filter/MATLAB_demo/source100.wav http://www.asel.udel.edu/speech/tutorials/production/lsrc.wav http://sail.usc.edu/~lgoldste/General_Phonetics/Source_Filter/glottograph.aiff
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Some other kinds of sources
The adults in Peanuts … http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ss2hULhXf04&feature=related
Electrolarynx - Storycorps from NPR h
ttp://www.npr.org/player/v2/mediaPlayer.html?action=1&t=1&islist=false&id=145459323&m=145500289
Esophageal speech http://www.webwhispers.org/library/EsophagealSpeech.asp
Whispered speech
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What is speech, physically?
Speech consists of variations in air pressure created by our vocal apparatus Hums, whistles, pops, silences, hisses, crackles
Usually lungs are the power, providing the source, or the basic air pressure patterns
Then the source is filtered (adjusted) as it passes through the vocal tract
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Power – Source – Filter
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Individual vocal tract characteristics
The characteristics of a person’s vocal tract lead to the person’s distinctive sound Length of trachea from lungs to larynx Length of oral cavity from larynx to lips Proportion of the lengths above Elasticity of the vocal tract and the vocal folds Symmetry of the vocal folds Thickness of skin, cartilage
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Speech is an add-on
Speech is not the primary function of any parts of the vocal tract
All parts are used for other life-supporting purposes
Breathing
Eating and drinking
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Three vital functions of larynx
Airway protection Prevents aspirating food into the lungs
RespirationPhonation
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More detailed anatomy
Filter
Source
Power
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The glottis
The space between the vocal folds
Sometimes closed, as in a glottal stop
Sometimes open, as in breathing
Sometimes it oscillates open and closed, as in phonation
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Drawings of vocal folds
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Cartoons of phonation
View from the side http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JzyHKYQzPBk&feature=related
Vocal folds opening and closing https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
Aoa_N1vQS4M
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Photos of vocal folds
Phonation Breathing
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To phonate with standard “pulmonic egressive” airstream You need to inhale air into your lungs to build up
pressure there Vocal folds must be in the right position Pressure builds up below vocal folds (vf), blowing
them apart Once the pressure is released, vf come back together
(elasticity + Bernoulli effect) That’s one glottal cycle There are other airstream types in other languages
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Phonation in the flesh
Trans-nasal fiberoptic endoscopy
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hfOZxJnY4c8
Glottis opens and closes periodically, chopping up the air ow, creating glottal pulsesfl
Each cycle of vocal folds opening and closing is called a glottal cycle
Typically from 50-500 Hz (cycles per second) depending on the speaker
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Mucosalwave
The vocal folds “wave” as they separate and come back together; bottom is first to open and first to close
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Injuries to the vocal folds
Anatomical video and explanation by doctor https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YFs4etPQd7M
Laryngitis patient education https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I1jNSULtVHc
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Laryngeal (or glottal) states
State of glottis: The sound produced:
Open Voiceless sounds
Vocal folds vibrating weakly and inefficiently (lots of air lost)
Breathy voicing (also called murmur)
Vocal fold vibrating normally Modal voicing (normal)
Vocal folds vibrating tensely Creaky voicing (glottal fry)
Closed A glottal stop
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Schematic glottal states
For /h/
Glottal stop
Allows vocalFolds to vibrate
For voiceless sounds
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Anatomical glottal states
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Voice quality variations
Breathy or murmured http://www.phonetics.ucla.edu/index/sounds.html Gujarati languages has nice minimal pairs
Creaky (in American English) Listen to examples and try to produce http://dialectblog.com/2011/04/29/the-rise-of-creaky-voice/
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Airstream mechanisms
It’s not all just pulmonic egressive!
Pulmonic ingressive (lungs, diaphragm)
Glottalic egressive (ejectives)
Glottalic ingressive (implosives)
Velaric or lingual ingressive (clicks)
Listen to and try to make these
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Anjelah Johnson
Gorgeous skill in voice quality, phonation type
Listen for California “ing”
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rzHihzsdTAE (nail salon)
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Clicks in South Africa
Xhosa lesson on Youtubehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=31zzMb3U0iY&feature=related
Miriam Makeba: Click Songhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Mwh9z58iAU
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Problems with the source, I
Cannot coordinate speech breathing and airstream (deaf)
Weakened respiratory system (various)
Muscles can’t pull air in/out of lungs (CP)
Difficult to keep air pressure in trachea (PD)
Not smooth enough airflow (cerebellar disease)
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Problems with the source, II
Can’t control loudnessCan’t control breathinessVocal folds act independently, not
vibrating in concertToo nasal (cleft palate)Can’t control pitch, details next
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Why can’t control pitch?
Vocal folds paralyzed (Parkinson’s)
Vocal folds injured (intubation)
Too much mucus (ALS)
Vocal folds swollen (overuse)
Tumor, cyst or polyp on vocal folds http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YFs4etPQd7M
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Moving on to the FILTER
We’ll explore how vowels are formed
And perhaps make it to nasalization
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Forming vowels
For each vowel, we have a distinctive vocal tract configuration
That configuration filters the source to create the intended vowel
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MRI of vocal tract
Observe the tube shape
And the widths of the tube in various locations
Adjustable!
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X-rays
Various
vowels
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Arai’s models
http://www.splab.net/Vocal_Tract_Model/index-e.htm
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Duck call source, clear filters
Exploratorium exhibit
http://www.exploratorium.edu/exhibits/vocal_vowels/vocal_vowels.html
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Watch cinegradiographs
Cineradiographs of musicians http://blog.davidhthomas.net/2011/08/x-ray-
video-of-dancing-tongue-in-clarinetists-mouth-not-what-you-expect/
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tpOwuAMqFTA
What information does this provide?
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Trumpet-playing boy for fun
Little Bobby Harrison
On “Australia’s Got Talent”
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jXHrv6s3pQE
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How about nasality?
Air flows through the nasal cavity to create nasal sounds
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Palate image
Hard palate is made of bone
Soft palate (velum) is made of muscles
Uvula is tiny fleshy “punching bag” at back of velumKnown in Japanese as the penis of
the throat
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How the velum works in speech
When we are breathing (but not mouth breathing), the velum is down and open so air enters through the nose and gets warmed, humidified
When we get ready to speak, the velum comes up and closes off the nasal cavity
Nasal sounds, m, n, ng, require an open velum and this happens quickly so we don’t really feel it
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What else is the velum good for?
Soft palate is essential for survival
Opens for breathing, yawning
Closes off for eating
Can be called velum, soft palate, velopharyngeal port
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When is my velum open?
Besides when you breathe normally, you are keeping your velum open when you: Snort beverages out your nose while
laughing Put spaghetti in your mouth and pull it out
through your nose
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Airflow
Velum is open/down here
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Nasality and the velum
Our velum, or soft palate, controls airflow into the nasal cavity
When the velum is closed, no air flows through the nasal cavity (sound is oral)
When the velum is open, air flows through the nasal cavity (sound is nasal)
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Velum and lifting it videos
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ahPHt_NCf-I
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XXgnPbFhDxg
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Test yourself for nasal airflow!
Is air exiting through the nose? Feel it (nostril test, nose test) Finger under nostrils or pinch bridge of nose,
alternate ‘nnn’ and ‘sss’ Alternate “big bid,” “big bin,” “ten men” If nose is pinched shut, is the sound normal? If
not, it’s a nasal
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Learning to control velum
If air escapes nose while singing, velum is not fully closed You can practice controlling the velum by opening and closing it Hold your nose and sing into your nose Then while still holding your nose, take the sound out of your
nose Practice a lot for finer velum control In the realm of singing, there are lots of ideas on how to control
your velum better
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Source and filter in speech
The Source What comes from the glottis—variously called: the
glottal source, voicing, phonation, airflow, airstream, fundamental frequency, “the source”
The Filter How the source is filtered or shaped by the vocal
tract to create speech sounds Does air exit through nose, where is tongue, how
narrow/wide are constrictions in vocal tract
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Today’s goals
Recap source & filter
Explore nasality and the velum
Explore consonant articulation
Admire the design of consonant chart
Watch x-ray movies of musicians
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How we use the filter
The filter or resonator is the upper vocal tract, from the vocal folds up and out your mouth and nose
We adjust the filter to articulate, create different speech sounds Vowels by configuring our vocal tract to filter the
source, exx. /i a u/ Consonants by creating constrictions in the oral or
pharyngeal cavities to stopping or alter the source
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Movies of articulation
Watch the velum moving up and down Try to tie it mentally to nasal or oral sounds MRI - five frames per second http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=uTOhDqhCKQs X-ray movie again http://www.phonetics.ucla.edu/course/transcrip
tion%20exercises/moviepage.htm
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Consonant articulation
Experiment with some consonants As you make p, f, theta, t, g, h, s, esh, r, l
What’s moving? What’s staying put? Is there any contact between articulators? Where is the contact? How big is the contact? Is the air stopped or just constricted?
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Consonant articulation
Here’s an articulating head diagram…
http://www.sil.org/mexico/ling/glosario/E005bi-OrgansArt.htm
Please stop me and ask questions or make comments
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Descriptors of a consonant
Manner
Place
Voicing
Nasality
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Places of articulation
Bilabial
Labiodental
Interdental
Alveolar
Palatal
Velar
Glottal
How about in other languages?
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Manners of articulation
Stop
Fricative
Affricate
Liquid
Glide
How about in other languages?
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Think about kids acquiring …
Difficulties?
Any especially hard manners?
Any especially hard places?
How about voicing and nasality?
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Interactive articulation site
THIS HAS MOVED!! It’s an app
http://www.uiowa.edu/%7Eacadtech/phonetics/
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Problems with the filter, I
Articulatory undershoot – not reaching appropriate targets for each segment
Vowels are centralized; not distinct enough Dysarthric speakers have reduced V space Reduced V space when recovering from head
injury Deaf speakers have reduced vowel space
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Problems with the filter, II
Can’t achieve precise tongue placement (dysarthrias)
Consonant closures wrong place (kids, deaf)
Inadequate stop closures (Broca’s, MS, PD)
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The genius of the chart
Much like the periodic table of the elements http://www.sparknotes.com/chemistry/fundamental
s/periodictable/section2.rhtml
The consonant chart has rhyme and reason Columns basically represent place of
articulation Rows basically represent manner of
articulation
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IPA consonant chart
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Transcribing an Irish CEO
Cornell Center for Hospitality Research
Gerald Lawless, CEO of Jumeirah Hotels
http://www.cornell.edu/video/?videoID=1021&startSecs=0&endSecs=570 1:46 to 2:12 in particular
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Video (total laryngectomee education) http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=LYrIVn4elQY
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How do we get “speech ready”?
First just breathe in and out normally
Now, poise yourself to start speaking
What do you notice about your anatomy?
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Video clips on regional vocabulary
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wYmrg3owTRE&feature=related Hugh Laurie and Ellen on British/US slang Note especially the confusion between palatal
fricative and affricate
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qXGuCaApR7U From “American Tongues,” clips posted on
YouTube
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Jackie Chan
With Ellen DeGeneres http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=YiRS0Fg6ViY
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Words with variant US pronunciations
Pasta
Nuclear
Costume
Moisture
Species
With
Dwarf/Dwarves
Often
Absorb
Youths
Congratulate
Newspaper
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Deviated septum
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_septum_deviation
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Transcribing a German professor
Presentation on age and emotional processing
Corinna Loeckenhoff
http://www.cornell.edu/video/?videoID=1115
Listen to the very beginning
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Articulation
How speech is actually producedTo score a sound, must figure out:
How it is being articulated Whether it’s within acceptable limits Whether it becomes another sound Whether it calls attention to the speaker
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Recap scoring in clinical phonetics
2 way
5 way
Infinite scoring
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More exotic sound examples
Sounds of the World’s Languages http://www.phonetics.ucla.edu/index/sounds
.html
Other places of articulation Malayalam has many nasals http://phonetics.ucla.edu/course/chapter7/m
alayalam/malayalam.html
Other manners of articulation