Class 10: Motives, Emotions, and Perception II
Jacoby et al. Method -- Memory Dissociations
Noise Judgments -- Ease of processing and rating of background noise.
Study 1: Background noise more/less loud for previously heard sentences?
Study 2: Background noise more/less loud for emote. arousing sentences?
NOTE THAT THESE WERE SEPARATE STUDIES MAKING THE SAME POINT -- NOT TWO OUTCOMES FROM THE SAME STUDY!
The Symbolic Power of MoneyShou, Vohs, & Baumeister
Money is a social resource:
Increases confidence that problems can be solved, needs met.
More money reduces reliance on others
Money can influence, attract others
Predictions
Desire for money increases after social exclusion, phys. painHandling money reduces pain of exclusion, of phys. painRecalling spending money increases social, physical pain
Social Exclusion: A Powerful Social Experience
CyberballKipling "Kip" Williams
Purdue U.
Ostracism / Exclusion
Depletes psycho-social resources: Control, Self-Worth, BelongingnessActivates same pain center in brain as aroused by physical painProduces either hyper-conformity OR hostility
Social and Physical Pain and Perceptions, Attitudes Towards Money
Expt. 1: Social Exclusion and Money
Procedure: Ss included (everyone wants you) or excluded (no one wants you).
Ss draw pictures of coins Ss select favored things surrendered for $10 million Ss asked to donate to orphanage
Results: Excluded Ss 1. draw larger coins 2. Surrender more favored things 3. Give less to charity
Expt. 2: Phys. Pain and Money
Procedure: Ss primed for neutral or pain
Ss draw coins Ss select favored things surrendered for $10 million Ss asked to donate to orphanage
Results: Pain-primed Ss 1. draw larger coins 2. Surrender more favored things 3. Give less to charity
Money as Distress Buffer
Expt. 3: Money Buffers Exclusion
Procedure: Ss count out money OR paper slips
Ss included (gets equal ball-tosses) or excluded (gets fewer ball tosses).
Ss rate social distress
Results:
Excluded Ss more distressed, but NOT if they could first handle money.
Expt. 4: Money Buffers Pain
Procedure: Ss count out money OR paper slips
Ss receive pain (hand in hot water) or don't receive pain (hand in tepid water).
Ss rate physical pain
Results: Hot waters Ss more pain but NOT if they could first handle money.
Money NOT Just a DistractionExpt. 5: Spent Money Worsens
Exclusion
Procedure: Ss recall spending $$$, or the weather
Ss included (gets equal ball-tosses) or excluded (gets fewer ball tosses).
Ss rate social distress
Results:
Excluded Ss more distressed, esp. if recalled spending money.
Expt. 6: Spent Money Worsens Pain
Procedure: Ss recall spending $$$ or the weather
Ss receive pain (hand in hot water) or don't receive pain (hand in tepid water).
Ss rate physical pain
Results: Recalling spent money worsens pain, for Ss in Pain Condition.
Comments on Zhou, Vohs, & Baumeister
1. Extremely clear writing. Not much jargon, simple, direct sentences, easy to understand.
2. Demonstrate "Systematic Replication": Why important?
a. Addresses alternative explanationsb. Demonstrates reliability of effectsc. Demonstrates generalizability of effects.
3. Sample [WHERE WERE STUDIES DONE?]and problems of generalizability
4. Relation to Freud -- mind/body issue? 5. Relation to "Relational Matrix" theorists--Bowlby, Winnicott?
Attachment Insecurities and ThreatEin-Dor, Mikulincer, & Shaver, 2011
Internal Working Models (Bowlby): Schema used to organize, understand, orient to social interactions with other.
Attachment process of childhood shapes IWM:
Secure: Others can be trusted
Insecure/Anxious: Others might not always be there--must be on look out for signs of desertion/dislike.
Insecure/Avoidant: Others can't be trusted; too unreliable.
Threat activates IWM: Anxious --> Vigilance; Avoid --> Rapid Fire Fight/Fight.
Schemas, Goals, and Perception
The doorway is made of fine, old English Oak, with classic engravings and triple dead-bolt locks. The entrance way leads to a living room, with new wall-to-wall carpeting, custom drapes, and 14 foot ceiling. The windows open to the garden, and are opened easily in the summer. The wall paintings are originals by DeMorell, worth over $100,000. The silverware is in an open display case. The hallway requires some touch-up painting, and some floor work. The bathroom was recently re-done. The bedroom has excellent country-side views, a wall safe, and an open jewelry box, including an antique cameo and some rare black pearls.
The kitchen has a chef-certified 6 burner range, and a door way that is private and not viewable from the street. The lock may need repair. The cupboards are heavy, oak antiques from Norway.
Predictions
Avoidants: Rapid Fire Fight/Flight
1. Suppress threat thoughts2. Compulsive self-reliance3. Do not express fear/distress
Therefore: Minimize threatQuickly dodge or address threatDo not coordinate with others
Anxious: Sentinel Schemas
1. Vigilant/alert to threat2. Mis-read neutral as threat3. Exaggerate neg. outcomes
Therefore: Vigilance to threatVery quick reactionsInform others of threatMinimize social distance
Studies
Experiment 1: Story interpreations
Experiment 2: Interpretation of video of woman reporting neutral and threat events
Experiment 3: False memories and avoidant schemas
Experiment 4: Sentinal inferences and Avoidant style
Experiment 5: Depth of processing
Experiment 6: Reaction to actual "crisis" -- the smoking computer