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Class Aves
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Archaeopteryx
150 MYA
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Archaeopteryx Skeleton
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Avian Skeleton
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Major Bird Groups
• Paleognathae– Mostly flightless– Usually ratite sternum (flat)
• Neognathae– Mostly flying birds with carinate sternum (keeled)
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Is It A Bird?
• Wings• Feathers• Beak• Oviparous
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Placode Specification
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Placode Growth
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Barb & Barbule Development
Down feather development
Pennacous feather development
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Mature FeatherPennaceous
Plumulaceous
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Feathers or Scales
Inhibition of BMP4 signaling in chick hindlimb causes dorsal scales (scutes) to develop as feathers and prevents apoptosis of interdigit webbing
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Does a Chicken have Lips?
Figure 1 A "hen's tooth" formed by the combination of chick pharyngeal (presumptive jaw) ectoderm and mouse molar mesenchyme. (From Kollar and Fisher, 1980; courtesy of E. J. Kollar.)
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Adaptations for Flight
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Unique Pulmonary Structures
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Bird Brained
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A Bird's Eye View
Optic nerve
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Wing Forms
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Migration
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Navigation
• Birds can sense Earth’s magnetic field
• Orient relative to field• Calibration of internal
compass– Twilight cues– Nocturnal celestial cues– Daylight cues
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Parenting
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Juvenile Forms
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Reproductive System
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Largest Bird
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Largest Flying BirdAlbatross – 11ft wing-span
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Smallest Flying Bird