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Individual Task
Architectural History and Theory
Classification Style of Public Building
2nd Semester 2010-11
Patricia G. Adelina-2010420214
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CONTENTS
I
A. Background of the
Study....1
II
A. Literature
Theory..2
B. Process of Creating
Building.8
III
A. Classification
Analysis..10
B.Critical
Suggestion14
iV
A.
Conclusion..17
VBibiliography...
19
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I
A. Background of the Study
What an architect wants to communicate will be different with others, so does
building. The outlook of a building, born from design, is significant part for its the first
thing we seat the first time. It communicates the building expression that differs it
from another. And what cause the difference is medium used by building. So medium
will lead us to know the building function by forming form. A form of one building will
be different with another because an idea as a background. This idea, shortly, comes
from function of the building.
The prominent aspects above are keywords for us to give a label on a certain
building, into before modern era, modern era, or post-modern era. In fact, therere
almost 80% buildings in Indonesia that cant be labeled for people start to build
something depend on their selfishness. We can see now buildings that compatible
only in Europe are built here, in tropical climate place.
By this assignment Im trying to give a classification on an urban building, that
is a medical clinic. This assignment is made on purpose to fulfill a task in architectural
history and theory subject.
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II
A. Literature Theory
Architecture is an art and science in designing buildings, including the
process. Its started by needs that an architect must solve the problems which may
appear. For short, architecture happens in order to provide mediums for human
activities, to fulfill its aims.
Architecture is the thoughtful making of space
(Louis Kahn)
Architecture is multidiscipline science that covers mathematics, science, art,
technology, humanism, history and philosophy. So its made by consciousness and
its work not only accommodates function but also has characteristics and meaning.
In learning architecture, we divide it into three periods: before modern
architecture, modern architecture, and post-modern architecture.
1. Before Modern Architecture
Architecture before modern era is architecture grown by influences from
certain regional geographic area. Unfortunately we mostly learn about western
architecture as an approach, because its been written in succession periods
of styles. In fact that eastern architecture is valuable to explore too.
This classical architecture is generally divided into:
a. Egyptian Architecture (3050 AD900 AD)
Mostly known for its pyramid and another sacred building like
sphinx.
b. Classical Architecture (850 AD-476 AD)
b.1. Greek Architecture
The expressions of this style are influence by myth and
sensitivity of nature. Greek people mostly built temples for
worship activities. This ideology was being the basic thought of
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aesthetics in creating building. They used three orders of Doric,
Ionic, and Corinthian.
b.2 . Romans Architecture
Romans style is nearly alike with Greek style, only that
plan section had been improved.
c. Christian Early Architecture (373 AC-500 AC)
Christian Early style used three orders of columns from Greek
and Romans order of proportion.
d. Romanesque (around 4 AC)
Architecture from this age had escaped from Roman style and
became a simple Europe Vernacular Architecture
e. Gothic Architecture (1130 AC)
It spread from France. Salient characteristic from Gothic is the
high ceiling far from human scale, especially in church and
cathedral, and the pointed roof. This style is a symbol of illumination
to humans and presented by lights arrangements.
f. Renaissance (15 AC- 17 AC)
This era was an
enlightment period in
architecture. Renaissance
style emphasizes symmetrical
plan as classic architectures
have demonstrated, and
usually based on module.
Faades are symmetrical
around their vertical axis. The
columns and windows show a
progression towards the
center. For example:
Cathedral of Pienza by
Rosallino and Alberti.
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There is a regular repetition of openings on each floor, and the
centrally placed door is marked by a feature such as a balcony,
rusticated surround. Renaissance architects used columns,
pilasters as an integrated system. Ceilings are flat of coffered, and
are not left open as in medieval time. Openings that dont have
doors are usually arched. Windows are set within a semi-circular
arch.
g. Baroque Architecture (late 16 AC)
Distinctive features of Baroque architecture are
g.1. In churches, broader naves and sometimes given oval forms
g.2. Fragmentary or deliberately incomplete architectural
elements
g.3. Dramatically use of lights
g.4. Opulent use of colours and ornaments
g.5. An external faade characterized by a dramatic central
projection
g.6. The interior is a shell for painting, sculpture, and stucco.
Baroque is a symbol of high aesthetics. It took Renaissance
vocabulary of architecture and used it in a new rhetorical and
theatrical fashion to express the triumph of Catholic Church.
h. Rococo Architecture (18 AC)
Rococo architecture is lighter, more graceful, and elaborated,
ornate, and austere style than baroque. The different between
baroque is that rococo emphasizes the asymmetry of form whilst
baroque is the opposite.
Rococo used pale
colours include numerous
curves and decorations. It
also brings significant
changes of privacy
placement, and improved
structures in order to
create a healthierenvironment. Rococo architecture is symbol for art education.
Mafra National Palace Portugal
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i. Victorian Architecture (19 AC)
Victorian style refers to several predominant styles in late 19th
century. This style represents British and French custom of naming
architecture style. It combines some architecture style with
materials and scale made possible by the industrial revolution.
2. Modern Architecture
Background of the emerge of modern era was technology development
when science was growing up so quickly along industrial revolution. It didnt
emerge by immediate revolution in architecture but step by step happened.
Modern architecture was growing around 1920 to 1960 because of the end of
World War II in 1919.
In order to rebuild the infrastructures, modernist tried to apply efficiency,
economical technique, and rationality in building.
Walter Groupius, a modernist, formed an institution named Bahaus
where its architects rejected overdone detail. They used the principles of
classical architecture in their purest form without ornamentation of any kind.
Bahaus building have flat roofs, smooth facades, and cubic shapes, with white
grey, beige, or black colours.
Architect in this age thought that building with ornaments, using local
materials, and made in configuration of shape based from local culture was
not efficient along with industrial movement. Modernism wasnt just another
style, it presented a new way of thinking about architecture.
Modern architecture emphasizes function, attempts to provide mediums
for specifics needs rather than imitate nature. All inefficient things should be
left. Architecture happens when function has been achieved, and its
supported by advanced materials from industrial revolution. For example:
glass, concrete, steel.
To gain efficiency in process of architecture, people created mass
materials production so that architecture would be able to penetrate culture
and geographic barriers. For its impacts were uniformity buildings around the
globe. Ornaments and details were thought as a crime. Building should becleaned. Basic of modern architecture is geometry shape.
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Features from modernism are:
a. International style
Modernism has idealism of egalitarian.
b. Functionalist (Form follows function)
c. Less ornament, monotone, economist
d. Simplicity
For it emphasizes geometrical shape, it produces simple
design large glasses.
e. Purist, honest
f. Utopian
g. Industrialist
For short, we can define modern architecture as the universals, international stylestemming from the facts of new constructional means, adequate to a new industrial
society, but in its taste and social meaning.(Charles Jencks)
Groupius House Kauffman house
3. Post Modern Architecture
Since modern architecture failed to accommodate the essential of
human senses, the new movement in architecture named post-modern
architecture emerged. Post-modern architecture tried to escape from tight
boundaries of efficiency from modern era. Though it appeared in some styles,
but all the style referred to one idea of freedom to express and to explore local
values.
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Charles Jencks stated that post-modernism came up by tendency of
going back to traditional values. He defined post-modernism as double coding:
the combination of modern techniques with something else (usually traditional
building) in order for architecture to communicate with the public and a
concerned communicate effectively with its ultimate users.
To understand post-modernism, he gave us the features:
a. Ideological of post-modernism is used to give direction in
understanding it.
a.1. Double coding style
Post modern building is combination from two style, those
are modernism and another style.
a.2 Popular and Pluralist
Post-modernism gives the flexibility in designing so it can
adapt within environment.
a.3. Semiotic form
Shape in post-modernism has meaning and aim so its look
is easy to understand.
a.4. Tradition and choice
Post-modernism shape contains values adjusted by the
designers aim and intentions.
a.5. Elitist and participative
Post-modern architecture does salient togetherness and
reduces selfishness.
a.6. Piecemeal
Theres an application of history, vernacularism, locations,
etc.
b. Style in post-modernism
b.1. Hybrid expression
This is a combination between modernism with
vernacular, local, metaphorical, revivalist, commercial, and
contextual values.
b.2. Complexity
b.3. Conventional and abstract formb.4. Variable space with surprise
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b.5. Eclectic
A mix of certain style in continuing integration to crate
unity
b.6 Semiotic
b.7. Pro-metaphor, pro-historical reference, pro-humour, pro-
symbolic
c. Design ideas
c.1. Contextual urbanism
c.2. Functional mixing
c.3. Mannerist (tendency to be salient)
c.4. Meaning design
c.5. Ambiguity
c.6. Trends to asymmetrical symmetry
c.7. Skew space and extensions
c.8. Collage (combination of different elements)
B. Process of Creating Building
This is a comparison between modernism and post-modernism:
Modern Post Modern
Ideologicalism:
Attitude toward nature
Attitude toward thought
Attitude toward culture
Typological physical/character:
Attitude toward basic form
Attitude toward character of
form
Attitude toward technology
Communication/language:
Attitude toward pragmatic sign
Attitude toward syntax sign
Attitude toward semantic sign
Functionalist
Rationalist, economist
Monotone
Purist
Abstract, straight, forward
Simplicity
Structuralism
Straight to the point
Gives efficiency of space
Contemporer, contextual
Methaporist
Symbiosis
Eclectic
Abstract, hybrid
Complexity
Deconstructism
Representative
Gives experience of space
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III
A. Classification Analysis
Kiara Sehat Medical Clinic is located at Jl. Kiara Condong 399, Bandung. The
building area is about 241.5 m2. This clinic is set in two level floors plan but the
second floor is not ready to use yet. These building materials are bricks and
concrete. Floor is covered by ceramics. There are eight rooms on the first floor:examination room, dentist room, medicine room, receptionist room, two rooms which
are not used yet, and two waiting rooms.
1. Process of Creating Building Analysis
a. Ideological analysis
Ideology refers to concept that leads to the function in
architecture. It brings directed and systematic understanding of
ideas.
The function of this building is medical clinics where people can
do some medical checks, consultate, with health professionals, or
buy some medicines. This clinic was built in order to accommodate
the needs of health facility today. For short, to answer the urban
needs.
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For its located right beside the major road, we can say that it is a
street building. In the way of acting the attitude toward nature, this
is one of the characters we mostly find in post-modern buildings.
It seems that this building was made in cover of double coding
as its attitude toward culture. The reason I give my statement is
related with its faade and Ill explain it later in character analysis.
Moreover, its size was arranged for it can be fixed with the
environment.
Besides of the building functions, it was designed to be able in
developing basic form; for example an addition of space. This
aspect makes the building becomes flexible in use or has functional
mixing.
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b. Typological Physical or Character Analysis
When we are going to analyze a building, we must know how to
describe its part. To name is to understand. By analyzing its
medium and form, well understand its character. Mediums that
form a building differ one to another. Talking about mediums is
talking about materials that have important plays in shaping the
building form.
Basic form of Kiara Sehat Medical Clinic is a box with some
additions on the right and front side. So I assume we can say that
its basic form is not pure geometrical form. Basically, the buildings
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attitude toward the form character is hybrid. It combines a classical
style with local elements. For example local clay roof tile for window
shades and local bricks for walls.
Though this building has double coding style from classic era, its
technology comes from modern era. When I entered the main room,
I saw some reinforced concrete columns which were not available
in classic age. Nevertheless, the dominant classic style as a outlook
still leads us to the formal development of the building program.
If we look back at its basic form, the eclecticity from this building
is referred to rococo faade from classic style. This mixed style is
continuing integrated as unity. As we know that rococo architecture
emphasizes asymmetrical symmetry form, this building applies the
same attitude as well.
Rococo building Kiara Sehat Medical Clinic
The judgment I mentioned above will be explained later in the
next point.
c. Communication or Language Analysis
Architecture has high flexibility to be a toll of communication,
though it doesnt always successfully happen. The building of
language are vocabulary and grammar with materials, size, even
location which do play roles in how community interpret a building.
In fact we read a wood differently than a concrete wall. So I assume
that building language is related with expression and meaning, for
short the style. First thing I have to do in analyzing this building
language is to analyze its faade.
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If we intentionally pay attention on its faade, itll appear that
Kiara Sehat Medical Clinic trends to rococo style (as Ive mentioned
before). The arrangement of its openings shows progression to the
centre, in this building is its main entrance door. The windows have
been made symmetrically to it. But I have to note that this axis does
not shape a symmetrical axis, for the building has two additions on
the right which mostly like a garage and on the front side which is
used as public pharmacy. Remember that rococo style applies
asymmetrical symmetry faade.
The repetition of its opening and entrance placement under a
shelter, used as terrace too, gives strong impression of classic
style. Yet to achieve the main entrance we have to pace through
stairs that show the hierarchy of space.
From analysis of its faade, I say that this building expression is
nearly close to classic style with some simplification in details. The
interior is made clean from overdone ornament so it may not mess
the function.
B. Critical Suggestion
1. Analysis of Need, Context, and Form
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Need is situation when something is necessary or must be done. This
clinic was built in order to answer public need of health facility. As a small
medical clinic, this building has achieved all important function to fulfill the
needs. It has examination room, waiting room, dentist room, small pharmacy,
receptionist and administrative room, and public toilet, while the activities
which may happen are examination process, administration process, and
waiting.
The rooms arrangement is quiet effective with the receptionist area right
across the entrance. People can directly walk toward the receptionist area for
doing some registration activities after entering the clinic. After that, while the
officer arranges the information, people or patients can wait in the waiting
area. For dentical check up, there is a certain waiting area behind the
receptionist through a small all.
Rooms efficiency is gained from its geometry like shape applied on each
room. So does its form, efficiency is achieved by its nearly like box shape.
Since its built as two floor-level building, I assume the need of
hospitalization will have been answered by making hospitalization area in the
second floor as soon as the renovation finished.
2. Suggestion
Medical clinic is place where people are looking for health service. So it
requires a healthy environment too. Though this building is able to
accommodate the medical process, still there are some lacks need to be
improved.
Started from the interior, I noticed that the floor corners havent been
designed properly. The room floor corners still have pointed angle where as a
medical place isnt fixed to. For improvement, I suggest to redesign the corner
floor with a not pointed corner that usually used in hospital.
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In waiting area in front of
the dentist room, theres still a
lack of light. The light source
comes only from hall that
transfers the light from
entrance. There are made
some openings on the upper
left side of the wall, but
ironically they are made from
blurred glass that blocks the
light. Its better to use material that can be penetrated by light. Moreover, this
place needs more ventilation.
More improvement can be applied in front yard area by making small
garden and replace the wire fence into proper fence like bricks or concrete to
avoid dirty effect.
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IV
A. Conclusion
After analyzing the process of creating building toward ideology, physical
character, and language, these are some points Ive arranged:
1. This clinic was built in order to answer the urban need of facility
2. It is a street building
3. It uses double coding, and hybrid style
4. Its flexible building which is able to improve
5. Theres a trends to asymmetrical symmetry shape
6. It has a functional mixing
Since the six points above are mostly found as characters of post-modern
architecture according Charles Jenks, so I classify this building into post-modern
architecture building.
End
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V
Bibiliography
Jencks, Charles., Keswick, Maggie. 1987. What is Postmodernism? New York: St.
Martin Press.
OGorman, James F. 1998.ABC of Architecture. Pennsylvania: University of
Pennsylvania Press.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_architecture
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_architecture
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_architecture
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rococo_architecture
http://damarkawe.wordpress.com/2011/02/11/periodisasi-arsitektur-klasik-wilayah-
eropa-dan-mesir/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rococo_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rococo_architecturehttp://damarkawe.wordpress.com/2011/02/11/periodisasi-arsitektur-klasik-wilayah-eropa-dan-mesir/http://damarkawe.wordpress.com/2011/02/11/periodisasi-arsitektur-klasik-wilayah-eropa-dan-mesir/http://damarkawe.wordpress.com/2011/02/11/periodisasi-arsitektur-klasik-wilayah-eropa-dan-mesir/http://damarkawe.wordpress.com/2011/02/11/periodisasi-arsitektur-klasik-wilayah-eropa-dan-mesir/http://damarkawe.wordpress.com/2011/02/11/periodisasi-arsitektur-klasik-wilayah-eropa-dan-mesir/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rococo_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_architecture