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Robert G. Hilton
August 5, 2012
Clean Coal Technology
Presented to the National
Conference of State Legislatures
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Agenda
1st topic Combustion Page 2
2nd topic Criteria Pollutants Page 10
3rd topic CO2 Capture Page 18
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Sub. vs. Supercritical Cycle Impact on Emissions
Plant Efficiency, %*
Plant Efficiency, %
Fuel Consumption/Total Emissions
including CO2
Subcritical Supercritical 34 - 37 37 - 41
Plant Efficiency, Btu / kw-hr 10,000 - 9,200 9,200 - 8,300
34%
Base
37%
Base-8%
41%
Base-17%
* HHV Basis
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NAM SC Plant Experience – J.Marion – Clearwater Conf. – 7 June 2010 - P 4 All data at BMCR, operating data
Supercritical Boiler
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Carbon Dioxide Emissions vs Net Plant Efficiency
(Based on firing Pittsburgh #8 Coal)
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
37% 38% 39% 40% 41% 42% 43% 44% 45% 46% 47% 48% 49% 50%
Net Plant Efficiency, (LHV)%
CO
2 E
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, to
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e/M
Wh
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
Pe
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nt
CO
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ed
uc
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CO2 Emission, tonne/MWhPercent CO2 Reduction from
Subcritical PC Plant
Efficiency increase from Subcritical to USC can, for example,
yield up to 25% CO2 reduction
• Co-firing with biomass to 10% can lead to 10% reduction in CO2
Comparison of Coal Based Power Options –
CO2 Reduction
Advanced Ultrasupercritical PC
Plant Range
Commercial
Supercritical
Existing US coal fleet @
avg 33%
• Efficiency increase from Subcritical to USC can, for example, yield up to 25% CO2 reduction
100% Coal
firing Coal w/ 10%
co biomass
Source: EPRI
Modern day
subcritical
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NAM SC Plant Experience – J.Marion – Clearwater Conf. – 7 June 2010 - P 6
Path to More Efficient Steam Power Plants
- Efficiency (net) HHV
- Steam Parameter
25 - 30%
33%
Once Through Technology
3480/1005/1050 ( psi /°F/°F) 240/540/565 (bar/°C/°C)
2400/1005/1005 167/540/540
Sliding Pressure Supercritical
5400/1300/1325( psi /°F/°F) 375/700/720 (bar/°C/°C)
4000/1110/1150( psi /°F/°F) 275/600/620 (bar/°C/°C)
4000/1075/1110 ( psi /°F/°F) 275/580/600 (bar/°C/°C)
38 - 40%
T91 Adv Austenitic Materials
1960 1980 2000 2020 1960 1980 2000 2020
- Efficiency (net) HHV
- Steam Parameter
25 - 30%
33%
Once Through Technology
3480/1005/1050 ( psi /°F/°F) 240/540/565 (bar/°C/°C)
2400/1005/1005 167/540/540
Sliding Pressure Supercritical
5400/1300/1325( psi /°F/°F) 375/700/720 (bar/°C/°C)
4000/1110/1150( psi /°F/°F) 275/600/620 (bar/°C/°C)
4000/1075/1110 ( psi /°F/°F) 275/580/600 (bar/°C/°C)
38 - 40%
T91 Adv Austenitic Materials
1960 1980 2000 2020 1960 1980 2000 2020
5400/1330/1400( psi /°F/°F) 375/730/760 (bar/°C/°C)
39 - 41%
48% - 51%
50% - 53%
43% - 46%
49% - 52%
Ni - based Materials
45% - 48%
Precipitation Strengthened Ni - based Materials
5400/1330/1400( psi /°F/°F) 375/730/760 (bar/°C/°C)
39 - 41%
48% - 51%
50% - 53%
43% - 46%
49% - 52%
Ni - based Materials
45% - 48%
Precipitation Strengthened Ni - based Materials
tower tower
tower tower
tower tower
FGHR
Aux Power
RH/RH
FGHR
Excess Air
Bottoming
Cycle
Economics continue to drive efficiency improvements. This will be achieved by
several technological steps including higher steam conditions enabled by cost
effective materials advances
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NAM SC Plant Experience – J.Marion – Clearwater Conf. – 7 June 2010 - P 7
Partnerships: Ultrasupercritical Materials
European: Emax Project
Operating Target: 700 C / 310 bar
1292 F / 4500 psig
US-DOE :Ultra-Supercritical Boiler Project
Operating Target: 760 C / 379 bar
1400 F / 5500 psig
All major US boiler manufacturers, Oak Ridge
National lab and EPRI
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Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC)
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Oxy-Combustion Process Technology Overview
Principle Fuel is burned in a mixture of oxygen and re-circulated flue-gas. Due to the absence of Nitrogen, the resulting flue gas is enriched in CO2After water condensing and further purification, CO2 can be compressed and send for storage or re-use.
Advantages
Reliability: main components exist, only adaptation to power gen and scale-up
All types of boilers / firing systems adaptable to oxy to cover complete fuel range
Rapid scale-up to large size (1,000 MWe range) possible after large demos. Retrofit in Oxy can be addressed
High efficiency and competitiveness of supercritical/ultra-supercritical cycles and large unit size will be key benefits
Large panel of entities involved in development, contributing to reaching solid consensus.
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• CLC is a break-through CCUS technology in
terms of efficiency and economics, with potential
to significantly lower cost of CO2 capture
• CLC is a flexible technology that can be
configured in new or retrofit applications to
produce syngas, hydrogen or power from coal
• Currently validating 3 MWth CLC prototype using
limestone as oxygen carrier
CLC Development Status
What’s Next?
• Optimization testing on prototype
• Next step before commercial unit
will be Scale-up to 10-50 MWe
Demonstration
Chemical Looping Combustion
2008 - 2012 Prototype Testing
of Limestone Chemical Looping
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Agenda
1st topic Combustion Page 2
2nd topic Criteria Pollutants Page 10
3rd topic CO2 Capture Page 18
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Sulfur Oxides 184,000 Mw installed
Nitrogen Oxides 140,000 Mw installed
Particulate Matter 320,000 Mw Installed
- PM10
- PM2.5
Mercury 65,000 Mw Installed
Heavy Metals
Acid Gases
Installation figures are Power only and do not include Industrial
Pollutants Controlled
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HRFF—High-Ratio Fabric Filter WESP—Wet Electrostatic Precipitator
DESP—Dry Electrostatic Precipitator
Emissions and Technology
Particulate Control Systems
LRFF—Low-Ratio Fabric Filter
Tech Options for Air Emissions - BHilton 2 Dec 2011
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Mercury Control Systems
Brominated Milled Carbojn PAC—Powdered Activated Carbon
Additive Storage Tank Boiler Additive Technology
Emissions and Technology
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Spray Dry Absorber- SDA Fluid Bed Dry Absorber
Dry Sorbent Injection - DSI
SO2 & Acid Gas Control Systems Dry Flue Gas Desulfurization
Emission Control Technologies
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NOx Control System
SCR—Selective Catalytic Reduction SNCR- Selective Non-Catalytic
Reduction
Emission Control Technologies
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Wet Flue Gas Desulfurization
and Integrated Systems
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Agenda
1st topic Combustion Page 2
2nd topic Criteria pollutants Page 10
3rd topic CO2 Capture Page 17
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Post Combustion CO2 Capture
• Advanced Amines
• Chilled Ammonia
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Advanced Amine Process Technology Overview
Advantages
• Proven in natural gas & syngas purification
• CO2 capture from flue gas is a new application
• More efficient capture of CO2 and less solvent degradation than MEA
• Higher tolerance against oxygen & trace contaminants
Source: Alstom
Principle
• An amine based solvent reacts with the CO2 in the flue gas
• Raising the temperature reverses this reaction, the CO2 is released and the solvent recycled
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Principle
• Ammonium carbonate solution reacts with CO2 of cooled flue gas to form ammonium bicarbonate
• Raising the temperature reverses this reaction, pressurized CO2 is released, the solution is recycled
Chilled Ammonia Process Technology Overview
Advantages
• High CO2 purity
• Tolerant to oxygen and flue gas impurities
• Stable reagent, no degradation nor emission of trace contaminants
• Low-cost, globally available reagent
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Other CO2 Technologies in Development
•Dry Sorbents
•Enzymes
•Cryogenic
•Regenerable Sorbents
•Biological Capture
•Membranes
•Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs)
•Chemical Processing for Reuse
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www.alstom.com