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Climate Change and Water Resources in
Lebanon
Nadim Farajalla, PhDDirector
Department of Land, Water and EnvironmentSETS
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Climate Change in Lebanon
Annual Rainfall in Beirut
0.0
200.0
400.0
600.0
800.0
1000.0
1200.0
1400.0
1870 1890 1910 1930 1950 1970 1990
YearR
ain
(mm
)
AUB Linear (AUB)
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Anticipated Impacts on Water Resources
reduction of about 20% in precipitation (rainfall and snowfall)
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reduction in snow cover
Anticipated Impacts on Water Resources
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increase in severe storms and their frequency
Anticipated Impacts on Water Resources
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increase in evapotranspiration
Anticipated Impacts on Water Resources
Coast
Inland
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increase in the occurrence and frequency of droughts
Reference Condition
1993 - 1998
S 1 - P↓10% and
ET↑10%
S 2 - P↓10% and
ET↑20%
S 3 - P↓20% and
ET↑10%
S 4 - P↓20% and
ET↑20%
S 5 - P↓30% and
ET↑10%
S 6 - P↓30% and
ET↑20%
S 7 - P↓40% and
ET↑10%
S 8 - P↓40% and
ET↑20%
Drought Years Normal Years
Anticipated Impacts on Water Resources
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increase in forest fires leading to:
decrease in ground cover
increase in erosion
decrease in infiltration → decrease in groundwater recharge
Anticipated Impacts on Water Resources
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reduction in surface and ground water quality
higher temperatures reduce dissolved oxygen levels reduced assimilative capacity;
reduced stream flow and lake levels less dilution of pollutants;
increased frequency and intensity of rainfall more pollution and sedimentation due to increased runoff
Anticipated Impacts on Water Resources
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sea water rise intrusion into
coastal aquifers
sewage and stormwater sea outfalls/networks in coastal areas.
Anticipated Impacts on Water Resources
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There are no comprehensive development plans to adapt to the anticipated climate changes – Lebanon set a goal at COP 15 to increase renewable energy contribution to 12% of total.
Lebanon has issued its first national communication and has nearly completed the second
Lebanon has participated in the National Economic and Environmental Development Studies project
There have been some individual efforts by some ministries but these do not construe a national plan (e.g. Ministry of Energy and Water’s ten-year plan)
Current Status
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Recommended Adaptation Measures
Improve water resources management on national and local levels
This requires the development of a national water management plan/strategy which is based on three main components:
Water demand management
Water storage strategy
Alternative water sources
NB – Issue of tariffs, economic incentives, etc. will not be discussed
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Water Demand Management Agriculture:
Irrigation: Improved conveyance and application efficiencies, e.g. reduce leaks, move
from sprinkler and drip methods
New management techniques, e.g. deficit irrigation
Control use of groundwater
Crop production: Proper crop selection (i.e. stop growing crops that demand a lot of water and
select crops that are tolerant to drought or low precipitation)
Develop rainfed agriculture
Shift crop growing areas to regions that have more rainfall or available water
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Water Demand Management
Domestic:
Reduce leakage in water distribution networks
Reduce illegal tapping into the distribution network
Promote the use of water saving devices in homes and establishments, e.g. dual flush toilets, automated and/or timed water faucets, low head showers, etc.
Recycle wastewater: greywater and blackwater recycling at the individual and collective dwelling levels
Strictly limit and control access to groundwater
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Water Storage Strategy
Reservoirs
Hill lakes
Groundwater recharge
Dams
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Alternative Water Sources
Use of treated sewage effluent
Desalinization
Water harvesting
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Thank You
for further informationNadim Farajalla
mobile: +961-3-536006office: +961-1-755411
fax:+961-1-755422e-mail: [email protected]
Skype: nfarajalla