Download - Climate change: B angladesh perspective
CLIMATE CHANGE: BANGLADESH PERSPECTIVE
Kazi Farhed IqubalDepartment of Environmental Science State University of Bangladesh
CLIMATEClimate in a narrow sense is usually defined as the “average weather”, or more rigorously, as the statistical description in terms of the mean and variability of relevant quantities over a period of time ranging from months to thousands or millions of years. The classical period is 30 years, as defined by the WMO. These quantities are most often surface variables such as temperature, precipitation, and wind. The climate of a location is affected by its latitude, terrain, altitude, persistent ice or snow cover, as well as nearby oceans and their currents.
Climate in a wider sense is the state, including a statistical description, of the climate system
CLIMATE CHANGE
Climate change is any long-term significant change in the “average weather” of a region or the earth as a whole. Average weather may include average temperature, precipitation and wind patterns. It involves changes in the variability or average state of the atmosphere over decades to millions of years. These changes can be caused by dynamic processes on Earth, external forces including variations in sunlight intensity, and more recently by human activities.
In recent usage, especially in the context of environmental policy, the term "climate change" usually refers to changes in modern climate
CAUSE OF CC
Increased GHG emission following industrial revolution ( burning fossil fuel, industrialization etc.)
Increased GHG level in the atmosphere More heat energy from sunlight absorbed by
increased GHG in the atmosphere Overall temperature of the planet increased
(global warming) Changes in the precipitation and wind
pattern along with the temperature (over 30 years avg or more) are referred as CC
CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT
MAJOR GREENHOUSE GASMAJOR GREENHOUSE GAS
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Methane (CH4)
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
CFC12 (CCI2F2)
HCFC22(CHCIF2)
Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6)
Sources of GHGsSources of GHGs
Energy SectorEnergy Sector• Energy Industry• Manufacturing Industries• Transport• Residential Sector• Commercial• Agriculture
Agriculture SectorAgriculture Sector• Crop Agriculture• Livestock and Manure Management-
Landuse Change and ForestryLanduse Change and Forestry• Conversion of Land• Consumption of Timber and Deforestation
APPROACHES TO SOLUTIONS AND ACTIONS
Mitigation Kyoto Protocol (the first limited action) Kyoto mechanisms (CDM, JI, Emissions Trading)
Adaptation
Technology transfer
Adequate fund flow ( AF, LDCF, SCCF, MDTF, BCCF, etc.)
CLIMATE CHANGE AND BANGLADESH
BANGLADESH: A SOUTH ASIAN COUNTRY
COUNTRY CONTEXT AND VULNERABILITY
Deltaic landscape, 80%floodplain Population density very high (1045/km2) High level of Poverty (less than $1 a day 29%,
less than $2 a day 84%) Disaster prone, people are exposed to hazards Natural resources based (predominantly
agrarian) economy Recognized globally as most vulnerable to
Climate Change
CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS: MAKES IT WORSE More floods ( 1998, 2004, 2007, water logging,
flash flood) Increased moisture stress (droughts, even in the
Coastal Zone) Intensified cyclone, wind, storm surge, turbulent
sea, precipitation Salinity intrusion (100 km in to the country side
during dry season) Greater temperature extremes Slow-onset impacts (salinization, dryness,
ecosystem degradation etc.)
IPCC PROJECTION (AR 4)
The annual mean rainfall exhibits increasing trends in Bangladesh. Decadal rain anomalies are above long term averages since 1960s.
Serious and recurring floods have taken place during 2002, 2003, and 2004. Cyclones originating from the Bay of Bengal have been noted to decrease since 1970 but the intensity has increased.
Water shortages has been attributed to rapid urbanization and industrialization, population growth and inefficient water use, which are aggravated by changing climate and its adverse impacts on demand, supply and water quality.
Salt water from the Bay of Bengal is reported to have penetrated 100 km or more inland along tributary channels during the dry season.
The precipitation decline and droughts has resulted in the drying up of wetlands and severe degradation of ecosystems.
0 SLR32 cm SLR88 cm SLR
Drought Hazards Flood Hazards
Cyclone Salinity
Climate Change Challenges Development
Affects…-Agriculture, Industry, Health, Infrastructure and others-Ecosystems, Special areas
(EPZ, Coastal zones, etc.)
-Farmers, Fishermen, Natural resource collectors-People living in marginal land-Women, child & disadvantaged groups
Gradual impacts Agriculture
Flood, flash flood, droughts, salinity, precipitation pattern Rice and wheat production reduce 8% and 32% respectively by
2050 Fisheries impacted negatively (salinity intrusion, fisheries
recruitment etc) Water
Flood/flash flood timing Increased precipitation in the catchments bring more water which
is beyond drainage capacity, infrastructure insufficient capacity Urban flooding, drainage congestion (drainage infrastructure and
channels are insufficient) Salinity intrusion (irrigation, domestic use, drinking water) Trans-boundary water issues
Gradual Impacts Health
Increased water and vector borne diseases Increased diseases due to salinity and water logging Sanitation, safe drinking water
Coastal zone Intensified cyclone Increased/ storm surges, wave heights, turbulent sea Salinity intrusion, soil salinity, ground water salinity
Special areas Ecosystems Areas with high economic importance (Export Process Zone, ports etc)
Most vulnerable groups Women, children, elderly Disadvantaged groups (ethnic, fisher, Sundarban dependent etc)
CC impacting livelihoods -an example
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1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
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Climate Change – Disaster Risks
Increased SST potential for more cyclone landfall and storm surges
Increased rain during monsoon/post monsoon in upper catchment & or within Bangladesh leads to more floods and disasters
Water shortage and higher temperature results into acute and more spread droughts
More erosion Infrastructures: threat past gains and needs new design
RESPONSE
NationalGovernmentCivil society
InternationalUNFCCC, Kyoto protocol, Negotiation, funding
mechanismDevelopment partners
Response National
Kyoto Protocol, UNFCCC ratified A large number of studies NAPA, National communication International process (Negotiation) Climate Change Cell BCCSAP 2009 BCCF
CIVIL SOCIETY
Championed the concern in country/abroad, active earlier Work closely/partnerships with Government entities
(NAPA, national communication, etc.) Part of country delegation to COP/MOP Numerous studies, assessments (over 100)
Civil society initiatives are on the ground, piloting and demonstration and building community resilience
Government learns from these and uptake for scale up and institutionalization
THANKS