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U.S. Coral Reef Task Force – 16
“A Reef Manager’s Guide to Coral Bleaching”
October 23-28, 2006St. Thomas, USVI
Billy D. Causey, Ph.D. Regional Director
Southeast Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico andCaribbean Region
Climate Change: What Can Coral Reef Managers Do To
Address Coral Bleaching?
Climate Change: What Can Coral Reef Managers Do To
Address Coral Bleaching?
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Reef Manager’s Guide
• Need for management response
• Guide Offers a Framework
• Local Management Actions
• Examples of Local Actions
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Possible Management Actions
• Utilize in situ and remote sensing observations to predict and plan for bleaching events
• Communicate observations to the public, scientistsand other managers – engage the public
• Target research at specific questions
• Apply the concept of Reef Resiliency in planning
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Possible Management Actions
• Utilize in situ and remote sensing observations to predict and plan for bleaching events
• Communicate observations to the public, scientistsand other managers
• Target research at specific questions
• Apply the concept of Reef Resiliency in planning
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Importance of in situ observations
• Doldrum conditions forextended periods
• Low Cloud cover
• Minimal water circulation
• Elevated Sea Surfacetemperatures
• Has increased the public’sconfidence in science andgovernment
In predicting coral bleaching events
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Sand Key Reef
Sombrero Reef
Molasses Reef
Dry Tortugas
In-Situ Monitoring
NDBC/FIO/FKNMS/SeaKeysStations
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Thermograph Locations in the FKNMS• 32 meters to record water temperature• 7 CMAN Stations along reef tract and Florida Bay
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Satellite Near RealSatellite Near Real--Time Coral Bleaching HotSpot ProductsTime Coral Bleaching HotSpot Products( Twice-weekly at 50km resolution )
Sea Surface Temperature(Night-time only)
http://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov
NOAA Coral Reef Watch Program
Bleaching HotSpots
Degree Heating Weeks (DHW)
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Application to GEOSS
Global Earth Observing System of Systems
• Coral Bleaching – example of GEOSS application
• Highlights importance of local observations
• Integrated into global ocean observing systems
• Provides a global early warning system
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Possible Management Actions
• Utilize in situ and remote sensing observations to predict and plan for bleaching events
• Communicate observations to the public, scientistsand other managers – engage the public
• Target research at specific questions
• Apply the concept of Reef Resiliency in planning
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Florida Keys Coral BleachingFlorida Keys Coral BleachingEarly Warning NetworkEarly Warning Network
““BleachWatchBleachWatch””Cory Walter
Erich Bartels
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Florida Keys Florida Keys ““BleachWatchBleachWatch””Early Warning NetworkEarly Warning Network
• Provides an “Early Warning” for coral bleaching events within the FKNMS and surrounding waters.
• Provides FKNMS with a “Current Conditions”overview, including recent volunteer observations and other environmental monitoring data.
• Involves the community in monitoring coral reef health.
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Florida Keys Early Warning NetworkMML / FKNMS
Routinely Review Existing Environmental Monitoring Data
NOAA
Train and Coordinate Volunteer Observer Network
“BleachWatch”MML / FKNMS / TNC
Community Professional ScientificClimateRemote Sensing
“HotSpot” Maps“DHW” Maps
SST’s
In-Situ DataNDBC
FIO/SeaKeys
Synthesize Data and Observationsand report “current conditions”
to FKNMS/NOAA
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Training Materials
Coral Bleaching Information and Project Overview
Data Forms and Instructions
Underwater Wrist ID
Laminated Sheet w/ Bleaching Photos
Volunteer Observer Training Volunteer Observer Training and Coordinationand Coordination
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Bleaching ObservationsBleaching Observations• Severity of Bleaching
• Types of Corals BleachedCoral ID Table
• Percent of Bleached CoralsPercent Cover/Bleaching Table
Brain Corals
Branching & Pillar4
Drawings courtesy of Reef Coral Identification
2003 copyright New World Publications
Flowering& Cup
Fleshy Corals
Encrusting, Mound and Boulder
Plate & Leaf
PERCENT OF LIVE CORAL BLEACHING
(4) 51-75%
(2) 11-30%
(3)31-50%
(5) 76-100%
(1) 1-
10%
(0) Absent
Paling Bleached and Algae growthBleached
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Current Conditions ReportCurrent Conditions ReportAvailable online:
www.mote.org/Keys/bleaching.phtml
Updated According to Environmental Conditions
• Sea Temperature Information• Relevant Weather Conditions• NOAA’s HotSpot Maps and DHW Maps• Summary of Field Data from Observers• Photos
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Possible Management Actions
• Utilize in situ and remote sensing observations to predict and plan for bleaching events
• Communicate observations to the public, scientistsand other managers – engage the public
• Target research at specific questions
• Apply the concept of Reef Resiliency in planning
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Research Directed at the Problems
Why do we need targeted research?
• Multiple stressors affecting corals- Identify levels of multiple stressor influences
• Coral diseases are secondary symptoms- Need to be proactive- Investigating the symptoms of healthy corals
• Scientific debate is good – but not at the sake oftaking action
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Research Directed at the Problems
Bleaching CanPromote Coral
Disease Outbreaks
Inshore patch reefsMiddle Florida Keys
Marilyn E. BrandtUniversity of Miami
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Suspected Causes of Coral Decline
Introduction of Marine Exotics
Ocean Dumping
Coral DiseasesHabitat DestructionHabitat Destruction
Massive Algal Blooms
Overfishing
Intense Coastal Development
Pollution
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Possible Management Actions
• Utilize in situ and remote sensing observations to predict and plan for bleaching events
• Communicate observations to the public, scientistsand other managers – engage the public
• Target research at specific questions
• Apply the concept of Reef Resiliency in planning
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Florida’s Reef Resilience Programwww.nature.org/florida
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Florida’s Reef Resilience Programwww.nature.org/florida
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Western Sambo Ecological ReserveExamples of Resilient Reefs
Nearshore Patches
Mid-channel Patches
Back ReefFore Reef
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Mid-channel Patch Reefs
Cheeca Rocks SPA
Marker 49
South of Marathon
Sunshine Key
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Reef Manager’s Guide
Managing in a changing climateNext steps?
Guide = framework
• Local Action Strategies• Management plans • MPA network planning• Protect WQ & herbivory• Increase capacity• Field testing• Shared learning
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Questions?Questions?