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Climb the Ladders/ /Avoid the Chutes
bBob BaumgartnerClean Water Services
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Take Away MessageTake Away Message
•• Take Ownership of your analysisTake Ownership of your analysisTake Ownership of your analysisTake Ownership of your analysis
dd b fb f ki h hki h h•• Be prepared Be prepared beforebefore working through process working through process with DEQwith DEQ
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ReasoningReasoning
• If Reasonable Potential is found……..– Permit must have limits to ensure pollutants do not cause or contribute to a excursion from Water Quality standard
• There is no going back– Anti‐ backsliding provisions
C li b i– Compliance can be expensive
• Time may help toA k Q ti– Ask Questions
– Evaluate options and alternatives
– Prevent conditions lead to reasonable potentialPrevent conditions lead to reasonable potential
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Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments (1972)
• Goal: “…restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation’s waters”
• Established core program implemented todayimplemented today
NPDES permit program Industrial pretreatment program
Effl li i b d h l d Effluent limits based on technology and water quality considerations
Construction Grants Program Provided for States to implement
programs Established significant penalties for
permit violations Citizen Lawsuits
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Designated UsesWater quality standards must specify appropriate uses to be achieved and protected.Commonly defined uses: • Aquatic life habitat• Wildlife propagation• Recreation
– primaryp y– secondary
• Public water supply• Agricultural water supply• Agricultural water supply• Industrial water supply• Navigationg
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Water Quality StandardsQ y
• A water quality standard defines the water quality goals of a waterbody, or portion thereof, by designating the use or uses to be made of the water
d b tti it i t t t thand by setting criteria necessary to protect the uses
• States are responsible for adopting water quality standards for surface watersstandards for surface waters
• Standards are reviewed every 3 years (triennial review) (or so )review) (or so…)
• EPA has oversight authority review and approval
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Section 303(d) PlanningSection 303(d) PlanningSection 303(d) PlanningSection 303(d) Planning
Lists water bodies not meeting standardsLists water bodies not meeting standards
Updated every 2 years (or so)
S i fl bl i lStatus may influence Reasonable Potential
• (d)(1)(A) Each State shall identify those waters … for which the effluent(d)(1)(A) Each State shall identify those waters … for which the effluent limitations ..are not stringent enough to implement any water quality standard….
• (d)(1)(C) Each State shall establish for the waters identified ….. the total maximum daily load, for those ……at a level necessary to implement the applicable water quality standards with seasonal variations and a margin of safety which takes into account any lack of knowledge concerning the relationship between effluent limitations and water quality.relationship between effluent limitations and water quality.
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Technology & Water Quality Limitsgy y
Basis: Technology Water Quality
CWA Goal: Zero Discharge Fishable/Swimmable
(Performance) (WQ Standards)
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Technology‐based Effluent LimitsTechnology based Effluent Limits
• Establish minimum level of pollutant controlsp
• Provide equity among dischargers within categories
• National technology‐based standards gy
– secondary treatment standards for POTWs
– effluent guidelines for certain categories ofeffluent guidelines for certain categories of industrial discharges
• In the absence of national standards
– technology‐based requirements developed on a case‐by‐case basisy
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Water Quality based Effluent LimitsWater Quality based Effluent Limits• If technology limits are not protective of water qualityprotective of water quality…
• WQBELs are developedp•Individual pollutant specific•Site specificO tl h•Oregon currently has:
•OAR 340‐41 (Conventional)•OAR 340‐41‐0033•127 Toxic Pollutant Parameters•113 Human Health Parameter
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Mixing Zonesg
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Reasonable Potential Analysis (RPA)y ( )• CFR 122.44(d)(1)(ii) ..if a pollutant has
bl i l ibreasonable potential to cause or contribute to an excursion from a water quality criterion, h i i ffl li i fthe permit must contain effluent limits for that pollutant.
• Statistically based approach
• Methodology/statistics in EPA’s Technical gy/Support Document for Water Quality Based Toxics Control (1985 – 1991)( )
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Screening ExerciseScreening Exercise
• Know suite of pollutants to reviewKnow suite of pollutants to review
• If effluent above a criteria, run through RPA
f i di• If outcome indicates RPA
Start asking questions Start asking questions
Searching for laddersSearching for ladders
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Potential Chutes & LaddersPotential Chutes & Ladders• Standards and Criteria
d l• Process has already started
• 303d listing
• Mixing Zone, dilution
• Monitoring Requirements
• Many chutes also ladder
• EPA TSD methodology (DEQ) conservative, creates chutes
• Data Quality– Reporting levels
• Background Data
Effl Q li
• Source needs to build and bring ladders
• Best to know what ladders to • Effluent Quality
• RPA methodology– Conservative
Confidence / Probability
bring before entering process with DEQ
– Confidence / Probability
• Alternative methods
• Treatment\Preventionl• Compliance Strategy
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Effective LaddersEffective Ladders • Data precession and amount,
– False positives, outliers, ultra clean, background
• Representative Information – Has something changed ?
• Application of discretion within method– Coefficient of variation, sample frequency, Probability
• Refined analytical methods– Seasonal analysis
– Rigorous statistical analyses, dynamic simulation
• Mixing Zone – Design, dilution, location, flows, dynamic analysisg , , , , y y
• Compliance strategies– Treatment, pretreatment, pollution prevention
– RegulatoryRegulatory
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Effective Pollution Control Options
• Legacy Pollutants
Dependent on individual or class of pollutant
g y– Pesticides, PCBs
• Industrial Compounds– Metals, Volatiles
• Consumer Products– Plastizers (2‐bis‐ethyl phthalate)Plastizers (2 bis ethyl phthalate)
• Chlorination byproducts– Trihalomethanes
• Earth Metals• As, Fe, Mn
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Pollution Prevention
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Compliance Strategiesif after all that …..
How to meet water quality standardsHow to meet water quality standards
• Reduce Discharge
l li f• Regulatory Relief
Implementation may be expensive
Carry regulatory burden
• ReportingReporting
• Compliance
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Compliance Options (traditional)p p ( )DomesticDomestic
IndustrialIndustrial
Reduce SourcesIncrease Treatment
CommercialCommercialInfluentInfluentWastewaterWastewaterCommercialCommercial WastewaterWastewater
Reuse/re-evaluate mixing zone
21
mixing zone
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Compliance Options (Regulatory)
Increase TreatmentReduce Sources
Compliance Options (Regulatory)
Regulatory Tools:Reuse/re-evaluate
mixing zone
Regulatory Tools:•Intake credits•Site specific standards•Variance•UAATMDL
22
•TMDLs
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Achieve StandardsAchieve Standards
Bridging strategyTMDLsVariancesC li O dCompliance Orders
UAAChange the useChange the useChange the standard
Site SpecificSite SpecificNew criteria
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RPA Spreadsheet
Raj KapurClean Water Services
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Reasonable Potential Analysis (RPA)y ( )• CFR 122.44(d)(1)(ii) states that if a pollutant h bl i lhas reasonable potential to cause or contribute to an exceedance of a water
li i i h i iquality criterion, the permit must contain effluent limits for that pollutant.
• Statistically based approach
• Methodology/statistics in EPA’s Technical gy/Support Document for Water Quality Based Toxics Control
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RPA Spreadsheet Goalsp• RPA spreadsheet is used to answer two basic
iquestions:
• Is there reasonable potential for a discharge to cause or contribute to an exceedance of a water quality criterion?
• For pollutants that have reasonable potential, what effluent limits should be established such that water quality criterion are met?
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RPA Spreadsheet Formatp• RPA spreadsheet divided into two general
icategories
– First few tabs determine whether there is reasonable potential
– The last few tabs are to calculate effluent limitsThe last few tabs are to calculate effluent limits for pollutants for which there is reasonable potential
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RPA Evaluation – 4 Stepsp• Step 1: Conduct effluent monitoring for required pollutantsrequired pollutants
• Step 2: Conduct screening evaluation to ID POCs that require additional characterization
• Step 3: Conduct effluent/receiving stream• Step 3: Conduct effluent/receiving stream characterization for POCs
• Step 4: Conduct RPA evaluation
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RPA Spreadsheet Inputs p p• RPA spreadsheet utilizes the following i f iinformation:
• WWTF effluent data
• Receiving stream characterization (if necessary)
i i dil i i f i (if )• Mixing zone dilution information (if necessary)
• Water quality criteria (already included)
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RPA Spreadsheet ConsiderationspSpreadsheet evaluates a number of issues• Effluent variabilityEffluent variability
• # of samples, log normal distribution, statistics, etc.
• Stream characterization• background levels/available assimilative capacity
• Mixing zone information• Dilution factors
• Type of water quality standardsA ti lif t d d /H h lth t d d• Aquatic life standards/Human health standards
• Statistics for effluent concentrations/stream background levels
• Statistics for effluent flows/stream flows to define dilution factors
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Summary of Input Variablesy p
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RPA Evaluation – Next StepspIs there reasonable potential to exceed
WQS?
YES NO
Options:•Use of robust effluent dataR b t b k d d t
Done
•Robust background data•Seasonality•Mixing zone dilutions•Combination of above
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RPA Process – Take Away Messagesy g• Be proactive/stay engaged
• Permittee should conduct screening analysis and full scale RPA evaluation
– Determine need for additional data
f l l (– Determine need for additional evaluations (i.e. mixing zone)
• Ensure that the best available information is used in conducting the analysis