Download - Clouds and precipitation
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Clouds and Precipitation
By: Jeanette Rivera
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Adiabatic Temperature changes and Expansion cooling
• Heat not added or subtracted when temperature changes
• Traveling up earths surface atmospheric pressure decreases because of fewer gas molecules
• Dry adiabatic rate- rate of cooling and heating applied to unsaturated air.
• Wet adiabatic rate- slower when cooling cause by latent heat.
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Orographic Lifting
• Elevated terrains acting as barriers to air flow making orographic lifting occur.
• Orographic air- lifts air• Most moisture is lost by the time air reaches
leeward side of a mountain
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Frontal wedging
• Warm air and cool air collide producing a front• In North America cooler denser makes
warmer less dense air rise.• Warm is rising the cool air is toward the
bottom forming rain
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Convergence
• Air in the lower atmosphere flowing together makes the air go up which is called convergence
• Pattern of air movement and uplifting is accompanied by solar heat
• Florida experiences great amount of mid afternoon thunderstorms
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Localized Convective Lifting
• Pockets of air may occur due to unequal heating on summer days
• Rising parcel of warm air called thermals• Clouds form when warm parcel air rises above
condensation
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Stability
• Volume air rise- temperature decreases do to expansion
• Volume air cooler- environment ,more denser• Stable air- resists vertical air
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Condensation
• Occurs when water vapor liquid• Water vapor liquid can be in the form of
dew, fog, or clouds• Air must be saturated before any of the forms
of condensation occur
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Types of cloud
• Cirrus and cumulus• Cirrus- white, thin, high clouds• Cumulus- rounded individual cloud masses.• Stratus- a cloud with layers that cover much of
the sky
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High Clouds
• Cirrus, Cirrostratus, and cirrocumulus make up a high cloud
• White, thin and often made up of ice crystals• May leave a warn of stormy weather
approaching
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Middle Clouds
• In the middle and alto is part of their name• Is an altocumulus cloud which is denser and
larger• Light snow or drizzle is infrequent
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Low Clouds• Stratus, Stratocumulus, and nimbostratus are
all apart of the low cloud• May produce light precipitation• More towards the bottom and weather occurs
more
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Clouds of Vertical Development
• Clouds are more lower but stretch to higher or middle altitude
• Associate with unstable air• Cumulonimbus cloud may produce rain
showers or thunderstorms
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Fog
• Fog formation- when earth surface cool rapidly on cool, calm, clear nights
• Air more denser, making thick fog occur• Cool air evaporates over warm water
producing saturation• Same structure and shape as a cloud
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Cold Cloud Precipitation
• Cold air does not freeze at 0*C.• Water in liquid state at 0 degrees Celsius is
called super cooled• Ice crystals cant coexist with water droplets in
air due to super saturation on ice crystals
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Warm Cloud Precipitation
• Warm clouds- mechanism forming water droplets in collision-coalescence process
• Salt able to remove water vapor from the air at relative humidities
• Large droplets moving through cloud collide and coalesce with smaller slower droplets
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Rain and Snow
• Rain- drops of water fall from a cloud• Low temperature six sided ice crystals form
which makes snow• At -5 degrees Celsius ice crystals join together
as clumps
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Sleet, Glaze, and Hail
• Sleet- fall of small particles of clear ice• Glaze-known as freezing rain, occurs when
raindrops get super cooled• Hail-begin as small ice pellets, growing by
collective super cooled water droplets.