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COGEU is a Specific Target Research Project (STREP) supported by the 7th Framework Programme, Contract number: 248560
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Dr. Tim Forde
Dr. Tim Forde
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WHAT IS COGEU?
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COGEU…
The COGEU project is a composite of
• technical,
• business, and
• regulatory/policy domains,
with the objective of taking advantage of the TV digital switch-over (or analog switch-off) by developing cognitive radio systems that leverage the favourable propagation characteristics of the TVWS through the introduction and promotion of real-time secondary spectrum trading and the creation of new spectrum commons regime.
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Motivation
In Europe the complete digital switch over is planned for 2012 and will open a “once in a lifetime” opportunity for the networks of the future.
Analog TV primary, PMSE secondary
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Motivation
In Europe the complete digital switch over is planned for 2012 and will open a “once in a lifetime” opportunity for the networks of the future.
By switching from analogue to digital transmission more television channels can be broadcast using less spectrum. After analogue switch off the spectrum 790 MHz to 862 MHz (ch. 61 to 69), the so called digital dividend, will be/was entirely cleared from broadcast .
DTV primary, PMSE secondary
Future Mobile Communication (IMT)
Digital Dividend
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Motivation
• Within the remaining spectrum (470 MHz to 790 MHz) not all channels are occupied at each location. These locally unused channels are referred to as TV White Spaces (TVWS).
• How do we transform the TV White Spaces into social benefits and economic growth ?
DTV primary, PMSE secondary
Future Mobile Communication (IMT)
Digital Dividend
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Motivation
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Motivation
2 GHz coverage 700 MHz coverage
TVWS are quite stable because terrestrial broadcasting is planned around relatively inflexible ‘ high power – high tower’ distribution networks.
Strong interest by mobile cellular network operators to use lower frequencies, as network rollouts costs are dramatically lower
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COGEU domains
Economic
domain
Regulation
domain
Technology
domain
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COGEU consortium
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AND AT THE THE END?
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Final COGEU demo
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Final COGEU demo
1
TVWS database
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TVWS geo-location database
Ch. 58
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TVWS geo-location database
Ch. 59
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TVWS geo-location database
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Final COGEU demo
2
policies
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Final COGEU demo
3
assignment
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Final COGEU demo
4
transceiver
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8 MHz assignment
DVB-T
Master WSD
Slave WSD
COGEU Data Link
Senso
r
GP
S
Senso
r
TVWS transceiver
creating a node-to-node link in TVWS
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ADC
DAC
US
RP
DB
Baseband
Signal
Processing
IRIS/Labview USRP
Upconversion/
Interpolation
Downconversion/
Decimation
Driver
US
RP
DB
CO
GE
U
TV
WS
Tra
nsceiv
er
RF-frontend for
Interleaved
TV spectrum
Software-based
Cognitive Radio:
IRIS / Labview
Data I/O
=
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WHAT WAS THE
QUESTION?
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FIRE
• What is a good experiment?
• How can an experiment can be unambiguously defined?
• What output do we expect from an experiment?
• How do we control the wireless environment?
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FIRE
• What is a good experiment?
• How can an experiment can be unambiguously defined?
• What output do we expect from an experiment?
• How do we control the wireless environment?
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FIRE
• A ‘good’ experiment should help with the evaluation, validation, demonstration of an idea.
• A good experiment should be
– rigorously described so that it is
– repeatable and
– results should be reproducible
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FIRE
• But is that enough?
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FIRE
• But is that enough?
• How is your work/output measured?
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FIRE
• But is that enough?
• How is your work/output measured?
• Demos are nice, but…
…will they be remembered?
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FIRE
• But is that enough?
• How is your work/output measured?
• Demos are nice, but…
…will they be remembered?
• Publications Publications Publications
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FIRE
• But is that enough?
• How is your work/output measured?
• Demos are nice, but…
…will they be remembered?
• Publications Publications Publications
• 5 page conference papers + rigorous description of a wireless experiment: are they compatible?
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FIRE
• What is a good experiment?
• How can an experiment can be unambiguously defined?
• What output do we expect from an experiment?
• How do we control the wireless environment?
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FIRE
• With great difficulty.
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FIRE
• With great difficulty.
• Defining the things being evaluated.
– Moving from paper Matlab to a cognitive radio implementation.
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FIRE
• With great difficulty.
• Defining the things being evaluated. – Moving from paper Matlab to a cognitive radio
implementation.
• Defining the objectives, constraints. – In COGEU much ambiguity has been removed as the
application area is very defined: • Frequencies are known
• Primary/incumbent neighbours are known
• Some policy objectives are known
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FIRE
• What is a good experiment?
• How can an experiment can be unambiguously defined?
• What output do we expect from an experiment?
• How do we control the wireless environment?
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FIRE
• That depends.
• What stage are we at?
– Prototype Development
– Validation and Demonstration
– Certification
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PROTOTYPING
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COGEU TVWS transceiver is part of a larger system
DVB-T PMSEDVB-T PMSE
Negotiation protocol for spectrum trading
Registration and Validation
Trading mechanism and
Price discovery
Dynamic TVWS allocation
mechanism
COGEU BROKERCOGEU BROKER
Trading Information Repository
Policies
Repository
TVWS
Occupancy
Repository
GUI
Performance
MonitorPayment System
GEOLOCATION
SPECTRUM
DATABASE
Broker Interface
Player A(spectrum buyer)
(WP5)
Player A(TVWS-Transceiver)
(WP5)
Other players emulated by software
RF-frontend for
Interleaved
TV spectrum
External Control
Information
Access
Software-based
Cognitive Radio:
IRIS Radio &
Labview
CO
GE
U
TV
WS
Tra
nsceiv
er
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FIRE
• What is a good experiment?
• How an experiment can be unambiguously defined?
• What output do we expect from an experiment?
• How do we control the wireless environment?
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Master WSD
GP
S
Senso
r
1
What do we expect this system to do?
GEOLOCATION SPECTRUM DATABASE
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8 MHz assignment
DVB-T
GEOLOCATION SPECTRUM DATABASE
Master WSD
2
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8 MHz assignment
DVB-T
GEOLOCATION SPECTRUM DATABASE
Master WSD
Slave WSD
COGEU Data Link
Senso
r
GP
S
Senso
r
3
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8 MHz assignment
DVB-T
GEOLOCATION SPECTRUM DATABASE
Master WSD
Slave WSD
COGEU Data Link
Senso
r
GP
S
Senso
r
4
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TVWS transceiver components
Rendezvous
Sensing
Geo-location
Shaping
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What do we expect these components/algorithms to do?
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Phase
Signal Generation
Signal Transmission &Channel
Signal Analysis
1 MATLAB MATLAB channel models MATLAB
What do we expect these components/algorithms to do?
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From paper to prototype
Phase
Signal Generation
Signal Transmission &Channel
Signal Analysis
1 MATLAB MATLAB channel models MATLAB
2 MATLAB Signal Generator USRP MATLAB
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From paper to prototype
Phase
Signal Generation
Signal Transmission &Channel
Signal Analysis
1 MATLAB MATLAB channel models MATLAB
2 MATLAB Signal Generator USRP MATLAB
3 MATLAB Signal Generator USRP Iris
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From paper to prototype
Phase
Signal Generation
Signal Transmission &Channel
Signal Analysis
1 MATLAB MATLAB channel models MATLAB
2 MATLAB Signal Generator USRP MATLAB
3 MATLAB Signal Generator USRP Iris
4 Iris Direct Connection Iris
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From paper to prototype
Phase
Signal Generation
Signal Transmission &Channel
Signal Analysis
1 MATLAB MATLAB channel models MATLAB
2 MATLAB Signal Generator USRP MATLAB
3 MATLAB Signal Generator USRP Iris
4 Iris Direct Connection Iris
5 Iris Iris AWGN Channel Iris
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From paper to prototype
Phase
Signal Generation
Signal Transmission &Channel
Signal Analysis
1 MATLAB MATLAB channel models MATLAB
2 MATLAB Signal Generator USRP MATLAB
3 MATLAB Signal Generator USRP Iris
4 Iris Direct Connection Iris
5 Iris Iris AWGN Channel Iris
6 Iris USRP -> USRP Iris
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SHAPING
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8 MHz assignment
DVB-T
Transmit shaping
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Transmit Shaping • OFDM-based
shaping techniques were investigated to enable: – Efficient use of
available spectrum
– Protection of incumbent users, i.e. DVB-T, PMSE users
• Cancellation Carriers
• Windowing
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Transmit Shaping
Comparison of CCs method, windowing and combination of both
methods
40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
subcarrier index
No
rma
lize
d P
SD
(d
B)
4 CCs per edge
windows (Length: 32)
windows (Length: 16) & 2 CCs per edge
• OFDM-based shaping techniques were investigated to enable: – Efficient use of
available spectrum
– Protection of incumbent users, i.e. DVB-T, PMSE users
• Cancellation Carriers
• Windowing
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Transmit Shaping • OFDM-based
shaping techniques were investigated to enable: – Efficient use of
available spectrum
– Protection of incumbent users, i.e. DVB-T, PMSE users
• Cancellation Carriers
• Windowing
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Transmit Shaping Implementation in C++
in the IRIS SDR.
Configurable OFDM-
based modulator and
demodulator
components with
inbuilt CC &
Windowing
OFDM Symbol Creation Steps
time domainfrequency domain
Map
to
su
bcarr
iers
App
ly C
an
ce
llatio
n c
arr
iers
QA
M M
odu
latio
n
IFF
T Add
windowing
extension
Incorporate
into frame
Data for this
symbol
Cyclic
Extension
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Transmit Shaping Implementation in C++
in the IRIS SDR.
Configurable OFDM-
based modulator and
demodulator
components with
inbuilt CC &
Windowing
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Transmit Shaping Implementation in C++
in the IRIS SDR.
Configurable OFDM-based modulator and demodulator components with inbuilt CC & Windowing
Kick-started implementation with Dublin week-long workshop.
Uses LPACK Fortran linear programming library
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RENDEZVOUS
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Rendezvous in a Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) context refers to the ability of two or more radios to meet and establish a link on a common channel.
Embedded cyclostationary signatures.
Rendezvous
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Rendezvous Rendezvous in a Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) context refers to the
ability of two or more radios to meet and establish a link on a common channel.
Embedded cyclostationary signatures.
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Rendezvous in a Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) context refers to the ability of two or more radios to meet and establish a link on a common channel.
Embedded cyclostationary signatures.
Rendezvous
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Rendezvous
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Rendezvous Performance Evaluation
Matlab-based simulations
Exponential Decay and Bad Urban (Cost 207) channel models
Flat-fading, frequency-selective fading, fast-fading (Jakes’s Doppler both at high frequency and at TVWS
frequency)
4Mhz signals using subcarrier spacing of 3GPP LTE
Key Metrics
Time-to-rendezvous
Ability to detect
Ability to identify
Ability to acquire frequency
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Rendezvous: Detection
No. of features
Redundant Carriers
Overhead Average Pd (over all speeds) for
Pfa =0, t = 30
2 x (M=2) 4 2.07% 62%
2 x (M=3) 6 3.11% 88%
3x(M=3) 9 4.66% 97% (94% at t = 20)
Exponential Decay Model
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Signature Identification – finding the signal of interest
Fast-fading Jakes Doppler, Bad Urban
Carrier freq. 630MHz
Max. Doppler shifts – 25km/h-75km/h
3-feature cyclo-signatures
4MHz signal with 3GPP LTE
subcarrier spacing
Rendezvous: Identification
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Frequency Acquisition can be used when there is no prior knowledge as to what a signature means in terms of centre frequency.
8MHz band of interest
Signal of interest occupies 20% of band
Rendezvous: Frequency Acquisition
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8MHz band of interest
Signal of interest occupies 20% of band
Pacq > 95% for SNR >6dB
Pacq > 99.9% for SNR >12dB
Rendezvous: Frequency Acquisition
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Experimentation beyond Matlab
• Extensive experimentation in Matlab
– Especially challenging for mobile scenarios
• Reduced set implemented in Iris SDR
– Very reduced set of conditions evaluated in reality
– No mobile to date
• Hard (expensive?) to create challenging test environment.
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Repeatable System Experimentation
• Evaluation with mature transceiver:
– Spectrum efficiency
– Packet error rates
– TTR, Detection, Identification, Frequency Acquisition
– With and without the USRPs
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COMPONENTS TO
SYSTEM
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Experimenting with a system
Rendezvous
Sensing
Geo-location
Shaping
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Integration and Experimentation
• Integration is not trivial.
– Components go through exhaustive individual development
– System integration takes a somewhat ‘big-bang’ approach
– Some system behaviour can not be anticipated
• Workshops are crucial when development teams are remote.
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Integration and Experimentation
LabVIEW/ IRIS
Database access
USRP transmitter
Cogeu TVWS Tranceiver
USRP Sensing
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What did we learn ?
• The ideal Matlab transceiver is not real.
• The real USRP/Iris transceiver is not ideal.
• Moving towards reality for experimentation curtails the parameter space: – Constrained effective bandwidths
– Constrained transmit power
– Constrained host processing capabilities
• Limits the ‘graphibility’ of real-world experiments
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And about experimentation?
• Repetition of performance is hard.
• Why?
– Surmountable reasons: wrong versions of code, USRP drivers, etc.
– Flakey reasons: changing hardware, inconsistent hardware.
– Insurmountable reasons: the wireless environment.
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MORE DEMOS
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Validation sites
Banska Bystrica
Aalborg
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Munich
TVWS
BS
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Banska Bystrica Banska Bystrica is a extremely broken and mountainous region in the middle of
Slovakia with high dense populated areas. Its average distance of 100 km from
borders and geographical conditions (surrounded by hills) makes the existence
of unused TV channels highly probable, and a good case study for COGEU
rural broadband scenario.
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FIRE
• What is a good experiment?
• How an experiment can be unambiguously defined?
• What output do we expect from an experiment?
• How do we control the wireless environment?
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Test & Trial
• Clean spectrum.
• 2.4GHz dirty and noisy.
• 5GHz less so.
• Other bands…. generally illegal
• Publication of results from illegal experimentation may be problematic.
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Clean Spectrum
www.testandtrial.ie www.comreg.ie
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CTVR Test & Trial
Transmit Sites 2.35 GHz
25 MHz
2.08 GHz
25 MHz
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IEEE DySPAN 2007 – Dublin Channel Centre Freq.
(MHz) Max ERP BW (MHz) Mobile
1 231.2250 1 W (0dBW) 1.75 Yes
2 233.0250 1 W (0dBW) 1.75 Yes
3 234.8250 1 W (0dBW) 1.75 Yes
4 236.6250 1 W (0dBW) 1.75 Yes
5 238.4250 1 W (0dBW) 1.75 Yes
6 386.8750 1 W (0dBW) 1.75 Yes
7 396.8750 10 W (10dBW) 1.75 Yes
8 406.9750 1 W (0dBW) 1.75 Yes
9 408.7750 10 W (10dBW) 1.75 Yes
10 436.8750 1 W (0dBW) 1.75 Yes
11 2056.0000 1 W (0dBW) 50.0 No
12 2231.0000 1 W (0dBW) 50.0 No DARPA XG Node
Qinetiq Radios
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Test & Trial
NOWHERE or 90km from SOMEWHERE
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Conclusions
• What is a good experiment?
• How an experiment can be unambiguously defined?
• What output do we expect from an experiment?
• How do we control the wireless environment?