![Page 1: Cognition Unit 7B. Cognition All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating Cognitive Psychologists study](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081512/56649de75503460f94ae0ebf/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Cognition
Unit 7B
![Page 2: Cognition Unit 7B. Cognition All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating Cognitive Psychologists study](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081512/56649de75503460f94ae0ebf/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Cognition
All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
Cognitive Psychologists study these activities
![Page 3: Cognition Unit 7B. Cognition All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating Cognitive Psychologists study](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081512/56649de75503460f94ae0ebf/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Concepts
Mental groupings of similar objects, events, ideas, people
Without concepts, we would need different words for everything
![Page 4: Cognition Unit 7B. Cognition All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating Cognitive Psychologists study](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081512/56649de75503460f94ae0ebf/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Concepts formed by
Hierarchies – Maps
Nation State County City Neighborhood Street
Definition – – Shapes– Prototypes
Mental images
![Page 5: Cognition Unit 7B. Cognition All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating Cognitive Psychologists study](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081512/56649de75503460f94ae0ebf/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Mental Concept Challenge
Can you draw what is seen forming a mental prototype while it described?
![Page 6: Cognition Unit 7B. Cognition All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating Cognitive Psychologists study](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081512/56649de75503460f94ae0ebf/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Problem solving
Strategies– Algorithms
Step by step procedures that guarantee a solution
– Heuristics Making judgments Faster, but error prone
– Insight Sudden realization of a solution Eureka Moment
![Page 7: Cognition Unit 7B. Cognition All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating Cognitive Psychologists study](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081512/56649de75503460f94ae0ebf/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Creativity
The ability to produce ideas that are both novel and valuable
Cannot be measured on an intelligence test– Convergent thinking – one correct answer– Divergent thinking
![Page 8: Cognition Unit 7B. Cognition All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating Cognitive Psychologists study](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081512/56649de75503460f94ae0ebf/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
5 Components to Creativity
1. Expertise– A well developed base of knowledge– Ideas– Phrases– Images
All serve as the building blocks to creativity
![Page 9: Cognition Unit 7B. Cognition All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating Cognitive Psychologists study](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081512/56649de75503460f94ae0ebf/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
5 Components to Creativity
2. Imaginative thinking skills– Provides the ability to see things in novel ways– Recognize patterns– Make connections
![Page 10: Cognition Unit 7B. Cognition All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating Cognitive Psychologists study](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081512/56649de75503460f94ae0ebf/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
5 Components to Creativity
3. A venturesome personality – Seeks new experiences– Tolerates risk– Exploring new cultures
![Page 11: Cognition Unit 7B. Cognition All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating Cognitive Psychologists study](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081512/56649de75503460f94ae0ebf/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
5 Components to Creativity
4. Intrinsic motivation– Driven more by interest, satisfaction and
challenge than by external pressures– Less deadlines for work and more pleasure from
work
![Page 12: Cognition Unit 7B. Cognition All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating Cognitive Psychologists study](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081512/56649de75503460f94ae0ebf/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
5 Components to Creativity
5. A creative environment– Sparks, supports and refines creative ideas
– Support contemplation
![Page 13: Cognition Unit 7B. Cognition All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating Cognitive Psychologists study](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081512/56649de75503460f94ae0ebf/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Obstacles to problem solving
Confirmation Bias– We look for information that backs up our ideas
more than info that goes against it– Watson
“People defend themselves against the threat of new information relevant to the issue”
WMD’s in Iraq
![Page 14: Cognition Unit 7B. Cognition All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating Cognitive Psychologists study](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081512/56649de75503460f94ae0ebf/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Obstacles to problem solving
Fixation– The inability to see a problem in a fresh
perspective
– MENTAL SET – Approaching a problem in a way that has worked before What comes next?
– T-E-T-T-F-?-?-?– J-F-M-A-?-?-?
![Page 15: Cognition Unit 7B. Cognition All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating Cognitive Psychologists study](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081512/56649de75503460f94ae0ebf/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Fixation– Functional Fixedness
Thinking only in terms of objects usual functions
Inability to think outside the box to use tools available in a different way to solve a problem
![Page 16: Cognition Unit 7B. Cognition All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating Cognitive Psychologists study](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081512/56649de75503460f94ae0ebf/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Making Decisions and Forming Judgments
Using Heuristics– Making quick decisions – mental shortcuts– Instantaneous decisions
Sometimes bad judgments
Representative heuristics– Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how
well they fit in particular prototypes
![Page 17: Cognition Unit 7B. Cognition All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating Cognitive Psychologists study](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081512/56649de75503460f94ae0ebf/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Heuristics
Availability Heuristics– Judgments based on how much information is
available
– If it can be thought of quickly, vividly memorable Casinos – attract gamblers with bright flashing lights
– Easy to forget that there is a ton of $ being lost Stereotypes – terrorists Jaws
![Page 18: Cognition Unit 7B. Cognition All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating Cognitive Psychologists study](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081512/56649de75503460f94ae0ebf/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
We often overfeel and underthink– Mother Theresa
“If I look at the masses, I will not act. If I look at one, I will”
– Feed the Children “This is________. For only a dollar a day, you can help”
![Page 19: Cognition Unit 7B. Cognition All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating Cognitive Psychologists study](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081512/56649de75503460f94ae0ebf/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Overconfidence
The tendency to overestimate the accuracy of our knowledge and judgments
People who are 100% confident are often wrong about 15% of the time
How quickly can you turn out a quality paper/project– Procrastination
Valuable? – People who are more overconfident live happier lives– Easier time making tough decisions
![Page 20: Cognition Unit 7B. Cognition All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating Cognitive Psychologists study](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081512/56649de75503460f94ae0ebf/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Belief Perseverance
Clinging to initial beliefs, even after they have been proven wrong
The more we hold our beliefs to be true, the tighter we hold onto them– Learning disabilities
“consider the opposite”– A way to reduce the bias of groups
![Page 21: Cognition Unit 7B. Cognition All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating Cognitive Psychologists study](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081512/56649de75503460f94ae0ebf/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Intuition
Effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought
Stranger looks dangerous, we react to them
Which is larger – Frankfurt or Bremen– San Diego or San Antonio
![Page 22: Cognition Unit 7B. Cognition All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating Cognitive Psychologists study](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081512/56649de75503460f94ae0ebf/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Intuition
Thinking is always taking place Intuition is adaptive Being able to size up a situation in an instant
– Nurses, firefighters, art critics, mechanics, athletes
– All can make decisions in split seconds that can have immediate impacts
![Page 23: Cognition Unit 7B. Cognition All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating Cognitive Psychologists study](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081512/56649de75503460f94ae0ebf/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Framing
The way an issue is posed will have an impact on decisions and judgments– 10% of operations result in death– 90% of operations survive
– 1 in 20 more surprising than 10 in 200
– Exposure to a virus will kill 10 out of 10 Million– Exposure to a virus will kill .000001%
![Page 24: Cognition Unit 7B. Cognition All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating Cognitive Psychologists study](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081512/56649de75503460f94ae0ebf/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Framing in Politics
Aiding the needy vs Welfare
SALE!!!– Mark up regular price, looks like a better deal
Cash price vs Credit at the gas pump
![Page 25: Cognition Unit 7B. Cognition All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating Cognitive Psychologists study](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081512/56649de75503460f94ae0ebf/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Framing with options
Used to push people in a certain direction when giving them options– Portion sizes at restaurants
Regular vs “small size” Small size vs “Supersized”
– Organ donations If default is yes, nearly all will do it If you have to opt out, less likely to say no
![Page 26: Cognition Unit 7B. Cognition All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating Cognitive Psychologists study](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081512/56649de75503460f94ae0ebf/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Language
Spoken, written, or signed ways of communicating
Phonemes – The smallest part of spoken language – In about 500 languages, there are 869 different
phonemes English uses about 40
![Page 27: Cognition Unit 7B. Cognition All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating Cognitive Psychologists study](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081512/56649de75503460f94ae0ebf/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Phonemes
Varying the vowel sounds between b and t – How many different words can you come up with?
– Bait, bat, beat/beet, bet, bit, bite, boat, boot, bought, bout, but
![Page 28: Cognition Unit 7B. Cognition All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating Cognitive Psychologists study](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081512/56649de75503460f94ae0ebf/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Phonemes
Consonants carry more meaning when we speak
“The trerth ef thes stetement shed be evedent frem thes bref demenstretien”
![Page 29: Cognition Unit 7B. Cognition All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating Cognitive Psychologists study](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081512/56649de75503460f94ae0ebf/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
I cnduo't bvleiee taht I culod aulaclty uesdtannrd waht I was rdnaieg. Unisg the icndeblire pweor of the hmuan mnid, aocdcrnig to rseecrah at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it dseno't mttaer in waht oderr the lterets in a wrod are, the olny irpoamtnt tihng is taht the frsit and lsat ltteer be in the rhgit pclae. The rset can be a taotl mses and you can sitll raed it whoutit a pboerlm. Tihs is bucseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey ltteer by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe. Aaznmig, huh? Yaeh and I awlyas tghhuot slelinpg was ipmorantt! See if yuor fdreins can raed tihs too.
![Page 30: Cognition Unit 7B. Cognition All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating Cognitive Psychologists study](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081512/56649de75503460f94ae0ebf/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Phonemes
Works in sign language too?
You can tell where a person is from by the different types of signing they do– More than 200 types of sign language
![Page 31: Cognition Unit 7B. Cognition All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating Cognitive Psychologists study](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081512/56649de75503460f94ae0ebf/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Morphemes
Smallest part of language that carries meaning
I S, to understand a plural Include prefixes (pre), suffixes (ed)
![Page 32: Cognition Unit 7B. Cognition All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating Cognitive Psychologists study](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081512/56649de75503460f94ae0ebf/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Grammar
System of rules that enables us to communicate with each other
Semantics – rules that allow us to derive meaning from morphemes, words and sentences– ed means it happened in the past
![Page 33: Cognition Unit 7B. Cognition All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating Cognitive Psychologists study](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081512/56649de75503460f94ae0ebf/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Grammar
Syntax– Rules we use to put words in order in a sentence
The English language has 616,500 words (in the dictionary)– How we put these words together, allows us to
create an infinite number of sentences
![Page 34: Cognition Unit 7B. Cognition All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating Cognitive Psychologists study](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081512/56649de75503460f94ae0ebf/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Language Development
After 1 year old, you learn about 3500 words a year
Rarely do we form sentences in our minds before we speak them– They are put together as we are speaking
![Page 35: Cognition Unit 7B. Cognition All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating Cognitive Psychologists study](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081512/56649de75503460f94ae0ebf/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
When do we start learning language?
Infants – In fantis “without language”
Babies can recognize speech– They look for the one speaking– Recognize ‘ah’ and ‘ee’ sounds and mouth
position
![Page 36: Cognition Unit 7B. Cognition All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating Cognitive Psychologists study](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081512/56649de75503460f94ae0ebf/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Productive Language– Ability to produce words – Babbling stage – spontaneously start uttering sounds
Not imitating adult speech – Nature allows speech, nurture cultures it
Receptive language – They can take words and start to break them into segments
of each sound– 7 months
![Page 37: Cognition Unit 7B. Cognition All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating Cognitive Psychologists study](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081512/56649de75503460f94ae0ebf/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Language
By 10 mos, a trained ear may be able to pick up what a baby is saying
1st Bday – one word stage– Using one word to convey meaning
2 yrs. – telegraphic speech– 2 word phases
![Page 38: Cognition Unit 7B. Cognition All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating Cognitive Psychologists study](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081512/56649de75503460f94ae0ebf/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Skinner and Language
Operant Conditioning – – Learning principles can explain language
acquisition– Association – seeing things and hearing words– Imitation – words and syntax used by others– Reinforcement – rewards for correct use
![Page 39: Cognition Unit 7B. Cognition All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating Cognitive Psychologists study](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081512/56649de75503460f94ae0ebf/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Chomsky
Kids learn way to fast to be explained by just Skinner’s rules
Language acquisition device– Language happens to a child
Universal grammar– Nouns, verbs, adjectives are similar in any language– Arrangement may be different– Start speaking in nouns in most languages
![Page 40: Cognition Unit 7B. Cognition All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating Cognitive Psychologists study](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081512/56649de75503460f94ae0ebf/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Statistical learning and critical periods
At 7 mos, babies can recognize syllable patterns through exposure and repetition
They come with built in programming?
Childhood seems to be the only time we can do this– Critical period for language development– The older you get, the harder it becomes to learn languages– Deaf children – born deaf vs becoming deaf
![Page 41: Cognition Unit 7B. Cognition All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating Cognitive Psychologists study](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081512/56649de75503460f94ae0ebf/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Linguistic determinism
Language determines the way we think – B. L. Whorf– “language itself shapes basic ideas”– The Hopi and the past
Bilingual people will respond to questions differently when taking a test in different languages
– Influences how we think more than it determines our personality
![Page 42: Cognition Unit 7B. Cognition All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating Cognitive Psychologists study](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081512/56649de75503460f94ae0ebf/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Increased word power
Bilingual advantage– More aptly find the important information when
communicating than those who speak one language
– Students immersed in elementary school, we more creative, had higher aptitude scores, better English and more appreciation for other culture
![Page 43: Cognition Unit 7B. Cognition All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating Cognitive Psychologists study](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081512/56649de75503460f94ae0ebf/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Thinking in images
Implicit memory– Thinking with images, not words– Mental picture of how you do something– Chi Kung
Watching videos can activate the brain’s ability to simulate it– Sports, Music, Pain
![Page 44: Cognition Unit 7B. Cognition All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating Cognitive Psychologists study](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022081512/56649de75503460f94ae0ebf/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Thinking in images
Outcome simulation vs process simulation– Which is better to imagine for 5 minutes a day?
Celebrating a good grade on a test Visualizing good study habits
Language does affect our thinking, but thinking also affects language – that’s how we come up with new words