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COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT, PART 1
Cognition – Mental processes by which knowledge is acquired, elaborated, stored, retrieved, and used to solve problems.
Cognitive Development – Refers to the changes that occur in children’s mental skills and abilities over time.
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COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
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COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
Scheme – (Schema for singular, Schemata for plural)
An organized pattern of thought or action that one constructs to interpret some aspect of one’s experience.
Represent the way that people organize and understand the things around them.
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COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
Symbolic schemes – internal mental symbols that one uses to represent aspects of experience.
Cognitive operation – an internal mental activity that one performs on objects or thoughts.
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COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
Assimilation – The process of interpreting new experiences by incorporating them into existing schemes.
Accommodation – The process of modifying existing schemes in order to incorporate or adapt to new experiences.
Examples….
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COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
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COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
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COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
Stage 1: Sensorimotor Stage (Birth-2yrs)
Stage 2: Preoperational Stage (2-7yrs)
Stage 3: Concrete Operations (7-11yrs)
Stage 4: Formal Operations (11-on)
Invariant developmental sequence!
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COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
6 substages to Sensorimotor Stage:
Stage 1 (0-1mo) – Reflexes
Stage 2 (1-4mos) – Primary Circular Reactions
Stage 3 (4-8mos) – Secondary Circular Reactions
Stage 4 (8-12mos) – Purposeful coordination of secondary schemes
Stage 5 (12-18mos) – Tertiary Circular Reactions
Stage 6 (18-24mos) – Mental Solutions
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COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
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COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
Object Permanence – knowledge that an object continues to exist independent of our seeing, hearing, touching, tasting or smelling it!
Stage 1 – Tracks, then ignores
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COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
Object Permanence – knowledge that an object continues to exist independent of our seeing, hearing, touching, tasting or smelling it!
Stage 4 – Search for objects that disappear in last place found
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COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
Object Permanence – knowledge that an object continues to exist independent of our seeing, hearing, touching, tasting or smelling it!
Stage 1 – Tracks, then ignores Stage 2 – Looks where it disappeared Stage 3 – Search for partially hidden Stage 4 – Search for objects that disappear in last place found Stage 5 – Follows series of visible displacements Stage 6 – Fully developed
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COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
A. Imitation
1. What Piaget thought
2. New evidence
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COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
A. Imitation
1. What Piaget thought
2. New evidence
B. Deferred imitation
1. Definition – ability to reproduce a modeled activity that has been witnessed at some point in the past.
2. New evidence
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COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
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COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
The Preoperational Stage: 2-7 Years, Preconceptual Period
(2-4 Years)
A. Accomplishments
1. Symbolic Function
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COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
The Preoperational Stage: 2-7 Years, Preconceptual Period
(2-4 Years)
A. Accomplishments
1. Symbolic Function
2. Begin Pretend Play
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COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
The Preoperational Stage: 2-7 Years, Preconceptual Period
(2-4 Years)
A. Accomplishments
1. Symbolic Function
2. Begin Pretend Play
B. Errors
1. Animism
2. Precausal or Transductive reasoning
3. Egocentrism
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COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
Egocentrism
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COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
Egocentrism
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COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
Egocentrism
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COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
The Preoperational Stage: 2-7 Years, Intuitive Period
(4-7 Years)
A. Accomplishments
B. Errors
1. Classification
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COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
The Preoperational Stage: 2-7 Years, Intuitive Period
(4-7 Years)
A. Accomplishments
B. Errors
1. Classification
2. Conservation
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COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
The Preoperational Stage: 2-7 Years, Intuitive Period
(4-7 Years)
A. Accomplishments
B. Errors in Conservation : Mass
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COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
The Preoperational Stage: 2-7 Years, Intuitive Period
(4-7 Years)
A. Accomplishments
B. Errors in Conservation : AREA
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COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
The Preoperational Stage: 2-7 Years, Intuitive Period
(4-7 Years)
A. Accomplishments
B. Errors in Conservation: Liquid
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Errors in Conservation
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The Concrete Operational Stage: 7-11 Years
A. Accomplishments
1. Logical Reasoning
2. Reversibility
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
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The Concrete Operational Stage: 7-11 Years
A. Accomplishments
1. Logical Reasoning
2. Reversibility
3. Seriation
4. Transitivity
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
B. Still having trouble….
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The Formal Operations Stage (11 Years and Up)
Mental actions performed on ideas and propositions. Can reason logically about hypothetical processes and events that may have no basis in reality.
- Deductive reasoning- Does everyone reach this
stage?
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
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COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
Overview (overheads)
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COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
Evaluating Piaget
Contributions:
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COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
Evaluating Piaget
Present conservation of number experiments
Criticisms
1. Underestimated abilities
2. Competence/performance
3. Stages
4. How do they progress?
5. Ignored social & cultural influences
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COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
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COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Core Knowledge Perspective
A view that assumes infants begin life with innate special-purpose knowledge systems.
• Physical Knowledge
• Numerical Knowledge
• Linguistic Knowledge
• Psychological Knowledge
• Biological Knowledge
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COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Core Knowledge Perspective
A view that assumes infants begin life with innate special-purpose knowledge systems.
Evaluation of this perspective?
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COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Perspective
Sociocultural Theory – Vygotsky’s perspective on cognitive development, in which children acquire their culture’s values, beliefs, and problem-solving strategies through collaborative dialogues with more knowledgeable members of society.
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COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Perspective
Zone of Proximal Development: the range of tasks that are too complex to be mastered alone but can be accomplished with guidance and encouragement from a more skillful partner.
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COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Perspective
Zone of Proximal Development: the range of tasks that are too complex to be mastered alone but can be accomplished with guidance and encouragement from a more skillful partner.
Guided participation – adult-child interactions in which children’s cognitions and modes of thinking are shaped as they participate with or observe adults engaged in culturally relevant activities.
Context independent learning
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COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
The Role of Language in Cognitive Development
Piaget’s Theory of Language & Thought
Suggested Language reflects child’s existing knowledge, not construction of new knowledge.
Vygotsky’s Theory of Language & Thought
Suggested private speech helps children plan strategies.
Who is correct?
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COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
The Role of Language in Cognitive Development
Who is correct?
Recent Research Suggests: