![Page 1: Cognitive Grammar Ronald W. Langacker Keynote](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020918/542e64b2219acdf5478b492b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Cognitive Grammar
1
Freitag, 6. Januar 12
![Page 2: Cognitive Grammar Ronald W. Langacker Keynote](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020918/542e64b2219acdf5478b492b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
[[[PIN]/[pin]]–[[PL]/[z]]]
(Langacker 1987, p. 82)
2
Freitag, 6. Januar 12
![Page 3: Cognitive Grammar Ronald W. Langacker Keynote](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020918/542e64b2219acdf5478b492b/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Ronald Langacker
3
Freitag, 6. Januar 12
![Page 4: Cognitive Grammar Ronald W. Langacker Keynote](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020918/542e64b2219acdf5478b492b/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Evolution of cognitive theory
4
Freitag, 6. Januar 12
![Page 5: Cognitive Grammar Ronald W. Langacker Keynote](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020918/542e64b2219acdf5478b492b/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
‘No comprehensive and unified theoretical framework’
in linguistics.(Langacker 1987, p. V)
5
Freitag, 6. Januar 12
![Page 6: Cognitive Grammar Ronald W. Langacker Keynote](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020918/542e64b2219acdf5478b492b/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
1976 essays and chapters about
‘Space Grammar.’
6
Freitag, 6. Januar 12
![Page 7: Cognitive Grammar Ronald W. Langacker Keynote](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020918/542e64b2219acdf5478b492b/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Foundations of Cognitive Grammar
1987: Volume ITheoretical Prerequisities
1991: Volume IIDescriptive Application
7
Freitag, 6. Januar 12
![Page 8: Cognitive Grammar Ronald W. Langacker Keynote](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020918/542e64b2219acdf5478b492b/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Volume I
8
Freitag, 6. Januar 12
![Page 9: Cognitive Grammar Ronald W. Langacker Keynote](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020918/542e64b2219acdf5478b492b/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Archetype of grammar
Explains every language phenomenon and is accurate.
Unfortunately cannot be formulated.
(Langacker 1987, p. 56)
9
Freitag, 6. Januar 12
![Page 10: Cognitive Grammar Ronald W. Langacker Keynote](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020918/542e64b2219acdf5478b492b/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
‘It is useful for theoretical purposes to consider
what a grammar of this sort would look like.’
But:
(Langacker 1987, p. 56-57)10
Freitag, 6. Januar 12
![Page 11: Cognitive Grammar Ronald W. Langacker Keynote](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020918/542e64b2219acdf5478b492b/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Hence, Cognitive Grammar.
11
Freitag, 6. Januar 12
![Page 12: Cognitive Grammar Ronald W. Langacker Keynote](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020918/542e64b2219acdf5478b492b/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Grammar=
Convention=
Sharing
12
Freitag, 6. Januar 12
![Page 13: Cognitive Grammar Ronald W. Langacker Keynote](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020918/542e64b2219acdf5478b492b/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Three claims:
13
Freitag, 6. Januar 12
![Page 14: Cognitive Grammar Ronald W. Langacker Keynote](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020918/542e64b2219acdf5478b492b/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
1. ‘Semantic structure is not universal.’(Langacker 1987, p. 2)
14
Freitag, 6. Januar 12
![Page 15: Cognitive Grammar Ronald W. Langacker Keynote](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020918/542e64b2219acdf5478b492b/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
2. ‘Grammar is symbolic in nature.’
(Langacker 1987, p. 2)
15
Freitag, 6. Januar 12
![Page 16: Cognitive Grammar Ronald W. Langacker Keynote](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020918/542e64b2219acdf5478b492b/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
3. ‘There is no meaningful distinction between
grammar and lexicon.’(Langacker 1987, p. 3)
16
Freitag, 6. Januar 12
![Page 17: Cognitive Grammar Ronald W. Langacker Keynote](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020918/542e64b2219acdf5478b492b/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Meaning=
Conceptualization=
Cognitive processing(Langacker 1987, p. 5)
17
Freitag, 6. Januar 12
![Page 18: Cognitive Grammar Ronald W. Langacker Keynote](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020918/542e64b2219acdf5478b492b/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Cognitive Grammar(Langacker 1987, p. 5)
Artificial intelligenceCognitive psychology18
Freitag, 6. Januar 12
![Page 19: Cognitive Grammar Ronald W. Langacker Keynote](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020918/542e64b2219acdf5478b492b/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
[ ] = Unit status
( ) = Nonunit status
MAJUSCULE = semantic
minuscule = phonological
19
Freitag, 6. Januar 12
![Page 20: Cognitive Grammar Ronald W. Langacker Keynote](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020918/542e64b2219acdf5478b492b/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
What is a linguistic unit?
20
Freitag, 6. Januar 12
![Page 21: Cognitive Grammar Ronald W. Langacker Keynote](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020918/542e64b2219acdf5478b492b/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
A linguistic unit is used and understood.
21
Freitag, 6. Januar 12
![Page 22: Cognitive Grammar Ronald W. Langacker Keynote](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020918/542e64b2219acdf5478b492b/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
[COFFEE] =Semantic unit
22
Freitag, 6. Januar 12
![Page 23: Cognitive Grammar Ronald W. Langacker Keynote](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020918/542e64b2219acdf5478b492b/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
kɒfɪ[coffee] =Phonological unit
23
Freitag, 6. Januar 12
![Page 24: Cognitive Grammar Ronald W. Langacker Keynote](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020918/542e64b2219acdf5478b492b/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
kɒfɪ+
= Symbolic unit
Phonological unitSemantic unit
24
Freitag, 6. Januar 12
![Page 25: Cognitive Grammar Ronald W. Langacker Keynote](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020918/542e64b2219acdf5478b492b/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Convention and usage:
25
Freitag, 6. Januar 12
![Page 26: Cognitive Grammar Ronald W. Langacker Keynote](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020918/542e64b2219acdf5478b492b/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
‘Putting together novel expressions is something that speakers do, not
grammars.’(Langacker 1987, p. 65)
26
Freitag, 6. Januar 12
![Page 27: Cognitive Grammar Ronald W. Langacker Keynote](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020918/542e64b2219acdf5478b492b/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Coding.
Target structure.
Usage event.
27
Freitag, 6. Januar 12
![Page 28: Cognitive Grammar Ronald W. Langacker Keynote](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020918/542e64b2219acdf5478b492b/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Conventional units sanction
the degree of conventionality of the
target structure.(Langacker 1987, p. 66)
28
Freitag, 6. Januar 12
![Page 29: Cognitive Grammar Ronald W. Langacker Keynote](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020918/542e64b2219acdf5478b492b/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Full sanction.
29
Freitag, 6. Januar 12
![Page 30: Cognitive Grammar Ronald W. Langacker Keynote](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020918/542e64b2219acdf5478b492b/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
‘This is a triangle.’(Langacker 1987, p. 67)
30
Freitag, 6. Januar 12
![Page 31: Cognitive Grammar Ronald W. Langacker Keynote](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020918/542e64b2219acdf5478b492b/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
(Langacker 1987, p. 67)31
Freitag, 6. Januar 12
![Page 32: Cognitive Grammar Ronald W. Langacker Keynote](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020918/542e64b2219acdf5478b492b/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
([[TRIANGLE]/[triangle]]→((TRIANGLE’)/(triangle’)))
Sanctioning structure Target structure
Categorizing judgment with full sanction.
32
Freitag, 6. Januar 12
![Page 33: Cognitive Grammar Ronald W. Langacker Keynote](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020918/542e64b2219acdf5478b492b/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Partial sanction.
33
Freitag, 6. Januar 12
![Page 34: Cognitive Grammar Ronald W. Langacker Keynote](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020918/542e64b2219acdf5478b492b/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
‘Look at this pencil.’(Langacker 1987, p. 69)
34
Freitag, 6. Januar 12
![Page 35: Cognitive Grammar Ronald W. Langacker Keynote](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020918/542e64b2219acdf5478b492b/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
(Langacker 1987, p. 70)35
Freitag, 6. Januar 12
![Page 36: Cognitive Grammar Ronald W. Langacker Keynote](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020918/542e64b2219acdf5478b492b/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
([[PENCIL]/[pencil]]⇢((PENCIL’)/(pencil’)))
Sanctioning structure Target structure
Categorizing judgment with partial sanction.
36
Freitag, 6. Januar 12
![Page 37: Cognitive Grammar Ronald W. Langacker Keynote](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020918/542e64b2219acdf5478b492b/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Semantic space and phonological space as separate areas?
That is too easy.
37
Freitag, 6. Januar 12
![Page 38: Cognitive Grammar Ronald W. Langacker Keynote](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020918/542e64b2219acdf5478b492b/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
38
(Langacker 1987, p. 80)
Freitag, 6. Januar 12
![Page 39: Cognitive Grammar Ronald W. Langacker Keynote](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020918/542e64b2219acdf5478b492b/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Example noun: pins
composite phonological unit [pin–z] composite semantic unit [PIN–PL]
39
Grammatical constructions:
(Langacker 1987, p. 83)
Freitag, 6. Januar 12
![Page 40: Cognitive Grammar Ronald W. Langacker Keynote](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020918/542e64b2219acdf5478b492b/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Example noun: pins
symbolic units
[[PIN]/[pin]] and [[PL]/[z]]
(Langacker 1987, p. 82)
40
Freitag, 6. Januar 12
![Page 41: Cognitive Grammar Ronald W. Langacker Keynote](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020918/542e64b2219acdf5478b492b/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
[[[PIN]/[pin]]–[[PL]/[z]]]
(Langacker 1987, p. 82)
41
Freitag, 6. Januar 12
![Page 42: Cognitive Grammar Ronald W. Langacker Keynote](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020918/542e64b2219acdf5478b492b/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
42
[[[THING]/[...]]–[[PL]/[z]]]
→[[[PIN]/[pin]]–[[PL]/[z]]]
(Langacker 1987, p. 92)
Freitag, 6. Januar 12
![Page 43: Cognitive Grammar Ronald W. Langacker Keynote](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020918/542e64b2219acdf5478b492b/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Idioms:
43
Freitag, 6. Januar 12
![Page 44: Cognitive Grammar Ronald W. Langacker Keynote](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020918/542e64b2219acdf5478b492b/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Idioms have a literal sense and a figurative
sense.
44
Freitag, 6. Januar 12
![Page 45: Cognitive Grammar Ronald W. Langacker Keynote](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020918/542e64b2219acdf5478b492b/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
45
(Langacker 1987, p. 93)
Freitag, 6. Januar 12
![Page 46: Cognitive Grammar Ronald W. Langacker Keynote](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020918/542e64b2219acdf5478b492b/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Volume II
46
Freitag, 6. Januar 12
![Page 47: Cognitive Grammar Ronald W. Langacker Keynote](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020918/542e64b2219acdf5478b492b/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
‘Vol. 2 now applies [the basic theoretical framework], often in painful detail, to a substantial range of representative grammatical constructions.‘ (Langacker 1991, p. 9)
47
Freitag, 6. Januar 12
![Page 48: Cognitive Grammar Ronald W. Langacker Keynote](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020918/542e64b2219acdf5478b492b/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Generalized-phrase Structure Grammar
Montague Grammar
Lexical-functional Grammar
X-bar Syntax
Functional Grammar
Similar grammar approaches
48
Freitag, 6. Januar 12
![Page 49: Cognitive Grammar Ronald W. Langacker Keynote](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020918/542e64b2219acdf5478b492b/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Sociolinguistics:
Grammar must describe the speech situation and the sociolinguistic value of
conventional units.(Langacker 1987, p. 63)
Similar grammar approaches
49
Freitag, 6. Januar 12
![Page 50: Cognitive Grammar Ronald W. Langacker Keynote](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020918/542e64b2219acdf5478b492b/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Construction Grammar:
‘Claims that all syntax is built from constructions clipped together.’
‘Langacker‘s version[s] of Construction Grammar claim[s] that all syntactic
structures are form-meaning pairings.’(Jackendoff 2002, p. 179)
Similar grammar approaches
50
Freitag, 6. Januar 12
![Page 51: Cognitive Grammar Ronald W. Langacker Keynote](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020918/542e64b2219acdf5478b492b/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Chomsky:
‘Direct opposition.’‘The central object of interest [...]
was syntax.’‘Governed by principles independent
of meaning.’(Kemmer 2010)
Different grammar approaches
51
Freitag, 6. Januar 12
![Page 52: Cognitive Grammar Ronald W. Langacker Keynote](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020918/542e64b2219acdf5478b492b/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Ex. 1:Explain the term unit status and give an example for a nonunit expression.
Ex. 2: Write down the formula for a
full sanction, including sanctioning and target structure, of (BOOK’).
52
Freitag, 6. Januar 12
![Page 53: Cognitive Grammar Ronald W. Langacker Keynote](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020918/542e64b2219acdf5478b492b/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Solution Ex. 1:
An expression has got unit status if it is used habitually and is easily understood by other speakers of the same language. p. 57
A nonunit expression is e.g. (kɒfɪ–ɪʃ). I guess it means something is similar to
coffee.
53
Freitag, 6. Januar 12
![Page 54: Cognitive Grammar Ronald W. Langacker Keynote](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020918/542e64b2219acdf5478b492b/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Solution Ex. 2:
([[BOOK]/[book]]→((BOOK’)/(book’)))
54
Freitag, 6. Januar 12
![Page 55: Cognitive Grammar Ronald W. Langacker Keynote](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020918/542e64b2219acdf5478b492b/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
- Jackendoff, Ray: Foundations of Language. Brain, Meaning, Grammar, Evolution, New York 2002.
- Kemmer, Suzanne: About Cognitive Linguistics. Historical Background, (http://www.cogling.org/cl.shtml, last acessed on the 4th of january).
- Langacker, Ronald W.: Curriculum Vitae, (http://idiom.ucsd.edu/~rwl/rwl_cv.pdf, last acessed on the 4th of january).
- Langacker, Ronald W.: Foundations of Cognitive Grammar. Volume 1, Theoretical Prerequisites, Stanford 1987.
- Langacker, Ronald W.: Foundations of Cognitive Grammar. Volume 2, Descriptive Application, Stanford 1991.
Bibliography:
55
Freitag, 6. Januar 12
![Page 56: Cognitive Grammar Ronald W. Langacker Keynote](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022020918/542e64b2219acdf5478b492b/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
• p. 1 http://www.simpsonstrivia.com.ar/simpsons-photos/wallpapers/homer-simpson-wallpaper-brain-1024.jpg
• p. 1 http://tristanverboven.wordpress.com/2010/05/04/grammar-i-ain’t-got-time-for-grammar/
• p. 3 http://foreign.swu.edu.cn/lcs/• p. 4- p. 7 http://www.kryptozoologie.net/wp-content/files/2010/03/HomerSapien.jpg • p. 7 private photo• p. 9 http://www.dianakohne.de/Arbeiten/Illustration/Illustration1/8Kita_Arche_Noah.jpg• p. 12 http://www.home-designing.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/fb-twitter.jpg• p. 18 http://minus.com/mkQFa5dtz#1o• p. 18 http://dicenwrite.wordpress.com/2010/09/27/auf-ein-wort-psiabwehr/• p. 22 and 24 http://openclipart.org/detail/155473/cup-of-coffee-by-gr8dan• p. 28 http://openclipart.org/image/800px/svg_to_png/11125/
raffaella_biscuso_Judge_hammer.png • p. 30 and p. 34 http://openclipart.org/image/800px/svg_to_png/1006/
johnny_automatic_pointing_hand.png• p. 34 http://openclipart.org/detail/164437/marker-by-waider
Last accessed on the 4th of january.
Picture sources:
56
Freitag, 6. Januar 12