Cold advectionRadiational cooling of clouds
Solar heating of Earth’s surfaceWarm air advection at surfaceAir moving over a warm surface
LIFTINGOF ENTIREAIRMASS
Rainshadow
Q. Why are cloud droplets larger over the ocean?
Most collide on forward edge
Some collide on backside
Terminal velocity:Almost 10 m/s
Q. Why can a cumuliform cloud produce heavier precipitation than a stratiform cloud?
Supercooled water droplets
Ice forms directly on ice nuclei
Promote freezing of supercooled droplets(contact nuclei)
Higher saturation vapour pressure
Ice crystals grow atthe expense of waterdroplets
Riming causes snow pellets (graupel)-supercooled dropletsfreeze on contact
Snowflakes form through aggregation
Source: Desert ResearchInstitute, Nevada, USA
Source: North Dakota Cloud Modification Project, USA
Source: North Dakota Cloud Modification Project, USA
Munchique National ParkForest Ranger Station, Sector 20 de Julio2150 masl
Rain Gauge
Remember the paper cup experiment