![Page 1: Combating multidrug resistance bacteria with essential oils](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070603/586f7ddf1a28ab10258b8077/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
COMBATING MULTIDRUG RESISTANT BACTERIA WITH ESSENTIAL OILSMiguel Diaz
![Page 2: Combating multidrug resistance bacteria with essential oils](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070603/586f7ddf1a28ab10258b8077/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
MICROBIAL COMPETITION
http://www.livescience.com/
• Competition for limited resources• Excretion of chemicals that are
toxic and inhibit growth
http://virtuallaboratory.colorado.edu
![Page 3: Combating multidrug resistance bacteria with essential oils](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070603/586f7ddf1a28ab10258b8077/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
COEVOLUTION• Intrinsic resistance• Spontaneous mutations
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/
![Page 4: Combating multidrug resistance bacteria with essential oils](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070603/586f7ddf1a28ab10258b8077/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
PATHOGENS• Disease causing organisms
www.cdc.gov
http://www.bacteriainphotos.com/bacteria-photo-gallery.html
![Page 5: Combating multidrug resistance bacteria with essential oils](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070603/586f7ddf1a28ab10258b8077/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
BACTERIA• Bacterial
Classification• Gram Positive• Gram Negative
![Page 6: Combating multidrug resistance bacteria with essential oils](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070603/586f7ddf1a28ab10258b8077/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
DISCOVERY OF ANTIBIOTICS• 1928 Alexander Fleming
discovered Penicillin• Antibiotics have had a
significant impact on human health and life
• “Wonder” drug
http://sciencenational.tumblr.com/
![Page 7: Combating multidrug resistance bacteria with essential oils](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070603/586f7ddf1a28ab10258b8077/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
MODES OF ACTION• Selective for bacterial cells• Unique processes• Metabolic pathways
• Bacteriostatic vs Bactericidal• Narrow vs Broad Spectrum
![Page 8: Combating multidrug resistance bacteria with essential oils](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070603/586f7ddf1a28ab10258b8077/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
ANTIBIOTICS• Treat bacterial infections• Life saving• extending the human lifespan
• Naturally, Synthetic, Semi-Synthetic• Zone of inhibition• Minimum Inhibition Concentration
(MIC)
![Page 9: Combating multidrug resistance bacteria with essential oils](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070603/586f7ddf1a28ab10258b8077/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
ERA OF ANTIBIOTICS
• Overuse• Misuse
"The thoughtless person playing with penicillin treatment is morally responsible for the death of the man who succumbs to infection with the penicillin-resistant organism.”
A. Fleming
![Page 10: Combating multidrug resistance bacteria with essential oils](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070603/586f7ddf1a28ab10258b8077/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
RESISTANCE• Intrinsic Evolutionary event• Genes chromosomal or plasmid
• HGT• R plasmids
https://www.niaid.nih.gov
![Page 11: Combating multidrug resistance bacteria with essential oils](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070603/586f7ddf1a28ab10258b8077/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
R-PLASMIDS
https://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com
• Plasmids• Non-chromosomal DNA• Housekeeping genes• Some carry resistant genes• R-plasmids
![Page 12: Combating multidrug resistance bacteria with essential oils](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070603/586f7ddf1a28ab10258b8077/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
![Page 13: Combating multidrug resistance bacteria with essential oils](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070603/586f7ddf1a28ab10258b8077/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
MECHANISM OF RESISTANCE• Modify and inactivate
• ẞ-lactams • Penicillin
• Prevent drug uptake• Chloramphenicol
• Pump it out• Efflux Pump
• Tetracycline
![Page 14: Combating multidrug resistance bacteria with essential oils](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070603/586f7ddf1a28ab10258b8077/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER• Sharing of genetic material
• across different genera• 3 mechanisms
• Transformation• uptake of DNA from
the environment• Transduction
• Virus mediated• Conjugation
• cell to cell sharing • type IV pili
![Page 15: Combating multidrug resistance bacteria with essential oils](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070603/586f7ddf1a28ab10258b8077/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE
http://www.moleculin.com/
Multidrug Efflux Pump
http://evolution.berkeley.edu/
• R-plasmid with many resistant genes
![Page 16: Combating multidrug resistance bacteria with essential oils](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070603/586f7ddf1a28ab10258b8077/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE• ESKAPE Pathogens• Enterococcus faecium (VRE)• Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)• Klebsiella and Escherichia coli producing ESBL• Acinetobacter baumannii• Pseudomonas aeruginosa• Enterbacteriaceae
![Page 17: Combating multidrug resistance bacteria with essential oils](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070603/586f7ddf1a28ab10258b8077/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
POST ANTIBIOTIC ERA?
• Little research and development• Mutations can happen quickly
and are easily shared• What now?
“ We are headed to a post antibiotic era, in which common infections and minor injuries can once again kill” WHO 2015
http://bk.asia-city.com
![Page 18: Combating multidrug resistance bacteria with essential oils](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070603/586f7ddf1a28ab10258b8077/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
ESSENTIAL OILS
http://www.questnetproxy.com/
• Traditional medicine• Topical or inhaled• Some toxic if ingested
• Generally safe• Chemotype• Changes in chemical
phenotype• Steam distillation
![Page 19: Combating multidrug resistance bacteria with essential oils](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070603/586f7ddf1a28ab10258b8077/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
ESSENTIAL OIL: MODES OF ACTION
http://www.mdpi.com/pharmaceuticals
• Degrade cell wall• Damage cytoplasmic membrane• Increase permeability• Leakage of cell contents• Damage membrane proteins• Coagulation of cytoplasm• Depletion of proton motor force
![Page 20: Combating multidrug resistance bacteria with essential oils](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070603/586f7ddf1a28ab10258b8077/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
TERPENOIDS• Secondary plant metabolite• Isoprene subunits• Volatile Compounds• Easley evaporated• Give plants fragrance (essence)
![Page 21: Combating multidrug resistance bacteria with essential oils](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070603/586f7ddf1a28ab10258b8077/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
MELALEUCA ALTERNIFOLIA
http://www.teamessence.com.my/
• Native to Australia• Aboriginals use it for treating
infections• Know for its antiseptic, antibiotic
properties• Main constituents
• terpinen-4-ol • -terpineol
![Page 22: Combating multidrug resistance bacteria with essential oils](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070603/586f7ddf1a28ab10258b8077/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
TEA TREE OIL• Cell Membrane Permeability• Leak K+
• E. coli and S. aureus• Cell Respiration• Decrease O2 consumption rate
![Page 23: Combating multidrug resistance bacteria with essential oils](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070603/586f7ddf1a28ab10258b8077/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
TEA TREE
Lee et al. 2014
![Page 24: Combating multidrug resistance bacteria with essential oils](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070603/586f7ddf1a28ab10258b8077/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
MENTHA PIPERITA
https://www.tuinplant.nl
• Native to Europe and Middle East
• Menthol and Mentone• Medicinal Uses• Analgesic, cooling,
antiemetic• muscle rubs
Bakkali et al. 2008
![Page 25: Combating multidrug resistance bacteria with essential oils](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070603/586f7ddf1a28ab10258b8077/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
PEPPERMINT OIL
Singh et al. (2011)
![Page 26: Combating multidrug resistance bacteria with essential oils](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070603/586f7ddf1a28ab10258b8077/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
PEPPERMINT OIL
Bazargani and Rohloff (2016)• Anti-plasmid activity• Menthol 96%• In combo with promethazine 100%
Anti-biofilm
![Page 27: Combating multidrug resistance bacteria with essential oils](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070603/586f7ddf1a28ab10258b8077/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
EUCALYPTUS CAMALDULENSIS
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Eucalyptus_trunk_zebra_pattern.jpg
• Indigenous to Australia• Medicinal Purpose
• anesthetic, antiseptic, astringent• Constitutes
• p-cymene (35.0%)• cryptone (13.7%)• tanins (11%)• terpinen-4-ol (5.7%)
![Page 28: Combating multidrug resistance bacteria with essential oils](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070603/586f7ddf1a28ab10258b8077/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
EUCALYPTUS
http://www.mdpi.com/molecules
Jazani et al. 2012
![Page 29: Combating multidrug resistance bacteria with essential oils](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070603/586f7ddf1a28ab10258b8077/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
OTHER ESSENTIAL OILS
![Page 30: Combating multidrug resistance bacteria with essential oils](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070603/586f7ddf1a28ab10258b8077/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
ESSENTIAL OILS AND MDRO• Essential oils can reduce the use of antibiotic
• Preventative measures• Reduce inflammation response• Antiseptic
• Cleaning hospital surfaces• Alternative treatments
• Effective against a broad spectrum of bacteria• Synergistic effects
• In combination with antibiotics• Decrease MIC• Increase zone inhibition
![Page 31: Combating multidrug resistance bacteria with essential oils](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022070603/586f7ddf1a28ab10258b8077/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
REFRENCES• Bazargani MM, Rohloff J. 2016. Antibiofilm activity of essential oils and plant extracts against
Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli biofilms. Food Control 61:156–164.• www.cdc.gov• Cox.S.D. 2000. The model of antimicrobial action of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia. J. Appl.
Microbiol. 88:170–175.• Jazani NH, Mikaili P, Shayegh J, Haghighi N, Aghamohammadi N, Zartoshti M. 2012. The hydro-
alcoholic extract of leaves of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. has antibacterial activity on multi-drug resistant bacteria isolates. J. Appl. Biol. Sci. 6:37–40.
• Knezevic P, Aleksic V, Simin N, Svircev E, Petrovic A, Mimica-Dukic N. 2016. Antimicrobial activity of Eucalyptus camaldulensis essential oils and their interactions with conventional antimicrobial agents against multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. J. Ethnopharmacol. 178:125–136.
• Lee RLP, Leung PHM, Wong TKS. 2014. A randomized controlled trial of topical tea tree preparation for MRSA colonized wounds. Int. J. Nurs. Sci. 1:7–14.
• Singh R, Shushni MAM, Belkheir A. 2015. Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Mentha piperita L. Arab. J. Chem. 8:322–328.