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SCOPE AND IMPORTANCE
COMMERCIAL GEOGRAPHY
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Introduction
Geography is the study of the earth and its relationship to man andhis activities.
It was introduced by Greek scholars.
Geo- Earth and Graphein- to write.
The Modern Geography is not only concerned with earth.
It is also concerned with man’s relationship with earth.
Geography is a human and dynamic subject.
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What is Commercial
Geography
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Nature & Scope of Commercial
Geography
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Primary Activities
These are activities directly concerned with obtainingmaterials from nature directly.
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Secondary Activities
These activities are concerned with activities adding value toalready existing products by changing their form, making
them more suitable to satisfy our needs and wants.
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Tertiary Activities
Tertiary activities are concerned with providing materialgoods . These activities include all personal and business
services.
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Quaternary services
These include some special type of service work whichinclude professional and administrative services.
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How Is Knowledge of Commercial
Geography Useful to Students ?
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It provides an understanding of the exchange of goods and
commodities between different countries.
It explains how some countries produce certain goods in surplus onaccount of environmental advantage and exchange them with goods
which cannot be produced due to certain environmental constraints.
It also helps the students to understand the shifts of markets andproducing centers of certain goods on account of the development of
new transport and communication facilities.
The most important advantage of the study of the commercial
geography is that one can obtain information about how a particular
country has economically developed and others have not.
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A range of advantages and
disadvantages for each mode
of transport will appear below.
Chose:
Each type of transport has its
own advantages and
disadvantages.
Press the right arrow
key to start.
Advantages Disadvant ages
Road
Rail
Sea
Air
a) Which transport mode it
applies to, andb) Whether it is an advantage
or a disadvantage.
CLICK in the appropriate part
of the table once you have
made your choice.
• Door-to-door delivery
• Quick and convenient
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Advantages Disadvantages
Road
Door-to-door delivery
Quick and convenient
Rail
Sea
Air
A range of advantages and
disadvantages for each mode
of transport will appear below.
Chose:
a) Which transport mode it
applies to, andb) Whether it is an advantage
or a disadvantage.
CLICK in the appropriate part
of the table once you have
made your choice.
• Slower than road transport
• Lack of flexibility of
timetables and routes
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Advantages Disadvantages
Road
Door-to-door delivery
Quick and convenient
Rail
Sea
Air
A range of advantages and
disadvantages for each mode
of transport will appear below.
Chose:
a) Which transport mode it
applies to, andb) Whether it is an advantage
or a disadvantage.
CLICK in the appropriate part
of the table once you have
made your choice.
• Slower than road transport
• Lack of flexibility of
timetables and routes
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Advantages Disadvantages
Road
Door-to-door delivery
Quick and convenient
Rail
Slower than road transport
Lack of flexibility of timetables
and routes
Sea
Air
A range of advantages and
disadvantages for each mode
of transport will appear below.
Chose:
a) Which transport mode it
applies to, andb) Whether it is an advantage
or a disadvantage.
CLICK in the appropriate part
of the table once you have
made your choice.
• Very fast
• Closely supervised so
losses are minimal
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Advantages Disadvantages
Road
Door-to-door delivery
Quick and convenient
Rail
Slower than road transport
Lack of flexibility of timetables
and routes
Sea
Air
Very fast
Closely supervised so losses are
minimal
A range of advantages and
disadvantages for each mode
of transport will appear below.
Chose:
a) Which transport mode it
applies to, andb) Whether it is an advantage
or a disadvantage.
CLICK in the appropriate part
of the table once you have
made your choice.
• Very efficient at moving
bulky and heavy goods
• Cheap over long distances
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Advantages Disadvantages
Road
Door-to-door delivery
Quick and convenient
Rail
Very efficient at moving bulky
and heavy goods
Cheap over long distances
Slower than road transport
Lack of flexibility of timetables
and routes
Sea
Air
Very fast
Closely supervised so losses are
minimal
A range of advantages and
disadvantages for each mode
of transport will appear below.
Chose:
a) Which transport mode it
applies to, andb) Whether it is an advantage
or a disadvantage.
CLICK in the appropriate part
of the table once you have
made your choice.
• Slow
• Not door-to-door
• Not convenient if located
away from port
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Advantages Disadvantages
Road
Door-to-door delivery
Quick and convenient
Rail
Very efficient at moving bulky
and heavy goods
Cheap over long distances
Slower than road transport
Lack of flexibility of timetables
and routes
Sea
Slow
Not door-to-door
Not convenient if located away from port
Air
Very fast
Closely supervised so losses are
minimal
A range of advantages and
disadvantages for each mode
of transport will appear below.
Chose:
a) Which transport mode it
applies to, andb) Whether it is an advantage
or a disadvantage.
CLICK in the appropriate part
of the table once you have
made your choice.
• High cost
• Not door-to-door
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Advantages Disadvantages
Road
Door-to-door delivery
Quick and convenient
Rail
Very efficient at moving bulky
and heavy goods
Cheap over long distances
Slower than road transport
Lack of flexibility of timetables
and routes
Sea
Slow
Not door-to-door
Not convenient if located away from port
Air
Very fast
Closely supervised so losses are
minimal
High cost
Not door-to-door
A range of advantages and
disadvantages for each mode
of transport will appear below.
Chose:
a) Which transport mode it
applies to, andb) Whether it is an advantage
or a disadvantage.
CLICK in the appropriate part
of the table once you have
made your choice.
• Large loads are difficult
• Urban congestion
• Damage to roads
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Advantages Disadvantages
Road
Door-to-door delivery
Quick and convenient
Large loads are difficult
Urban congestion
Damage to roads
Rail
Very efficient at moving bulky
and heavy goods
Cheap over long distances
Slower than road transport
Lack of flexibility of timetables
and routes
Sea
Slow
Not door-to-door
Not convenient if located away from port
Air
Very fast
Closely supervised so losses are
minimal
High cost
Not door-to-door
A range of advantages and
disadvantages for each mode
of transport will appear below.
Chose:
a) Which transport mode it
applies to, andb) Whether it is an advantage
or a disadvantage.
CLICK in the appropriate part
of the table once you have
made your choice.
• Efficient at moving bulky
and heavy goods
• Ships are adaptable to
many types of goods
• Cheap over long distances
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Advantages Disadvantages
Road
Door-to-door delivery
Quick and convenient
Large loads are difficult
Urban congestion
Damage to roads
Rail
Very efficient at moving bulky
and heavy goods
Cheap over long distances
Slower than road transport
Lack of flexibility of timetables
and routes
Sea
Efficient at moving bulky and
heavy goods
Ships are adaptable to manytypes of goods
Cheap over long distances
Slow
Not door-to-door
Not convenient if located away from port
Air
Very fast
Closely supervised so losses are
minimal
High cost
Not door-to-door
A range of advantages and
disadvantages for each mode
of transport will appear below.
Chose:
a) Which transport mode it
applies to, andb) Whether it is an advantage
or a disadvantage.
CLICK in the appropriate part
of the table once you have
made your choice.
• A lot of the country is not
serviced by rail
• Not door-to-door
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Advantages Disadvantages
Road
Door-to-door delivery
Quick and convenient
Large loads are difficult
Urban congestion
Damage to roads
Rail
Very efficient at moving bulky
and heavy goods
Cheap over long distances
Slower than road transport
Lack of flexibility of timetables
and routes
A lot of the country is not serviced
by rail
Not door-to-door
Sea
Efficient at moving bulky and
heavy goods
Ships are adaptable to many
types of goods
Cheap over long distances
Slow
Not door-to-doorNot convenient if located away
from port
Air
Very fast
Closely supervised so losses are
minimal
High cost
Not door-to-door
A range of advantages and
disadvantages for each mode
of transport will appear below.
Chose:
a) Which transport mode it
applies to, andb) Whether it is an advantage
or a disadvantage.
CLICK in the appropriate part
of the table once you have
made your choice.
• Flexible routes and times
• Easy to transport all types
of goods
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Advantages Disadvantages
Road
Door-to-door delivery
Quick and convenient
Flexible routes and times
Easy to transport all types of
goods
Large loads are difficult
Urban congestion
Damage to roads
Rail
Very efficient at moving bulky
and heavy goods
Cheap over long distances
Slower than road transport
Lack of flexibility of timetables
and routes
A lot of the country is not serviced
by rail
Not door-to-door
Sea
Efficient at moving bulky and
heavy goods
Ships are adaptable to many
types of goods
Cheap over long distances
Slow
Not door-to-doorNot convenient if located away
from port
Air
Very fast
Closely supervised so losses are
minimal
High cost
Not door-to-door
Well done. You have completed the table correctly.
When printing it off for your notes, make sure to print Slide 12 only.
Ask for assistance if you are unsure.
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Advantages Disadvantages
Road
Door-to-door delivery
Quick and convenient
Flexible routes and times
Easy to transport all types of
goods
Large loads are difficult
Urban congestion
Damage to roads
Rail
Very efficient at moving bulky
and heavy goods
Cheap over long distances
Slower than road transport
Lack of flexibility of timetables
and routes
A lot of the country is not serviced
by rail
Not door-to-door
Sea
Efficient at moving bulky and
heavy goods
Ships are adaptable to many
types of goods
Cheap over long distances
Slow
Not door-to-door
Not convenient if located away
from port
Air
Very fast
Closely supervised so losses are
minimal
High cost
Not door-to-door
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Chapter 9Management of Business Logistics, 7th
Ed.30
The Basic Modes of Transportation:
Domestic Water Carriers
Available along the Atlantic, Gulf and
Pacific coasts, along the Mississippi,
Missouri, Tennessee and Ohio River
systems and the Great Lakes.
Regulated common and contract
carriers haul about 5% of the freight,
while private and exempt carriers
haul the other 95% of the ton-miles.
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Chapter 9Management of Business Logistics, 7th
Ed.31
The Basic Modes of Transportation:
Domestic Water Carriers
Relatively low cost mode; do not
own the rights-of-way; easy entry
and exit.
Typically a long distance mover
of low value, bulk-type mineral,
agricultural and forest products
Low rates but long transit times
Low accessibility but high
capability
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Chapter 9Management of Business Logistics, 7th
Ed.32
The Basic Modes of Transportation:
International Water Carriers
General cargo ships
Large high capacity cargo holds
Engaged on a contract basis
Many have self-contained cranes for
loading/unloading
Bulk carriers
Specially designed to haul minerals
Can handle multiple cargoes
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Chapter 9Management of Business Logistics, 7th
Ed.33
The Basic Modes of Transportation:
International Water Carriers
Tankers
Specially designed for liquid
cargoes
Largest vessels afloat, some VLCCsat 500k+ tons
Container ships
High speeds for ships; increasingly
more common and important Larger vessels can handle up to
5,000 containers.
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Chapter 9Management of Business Logistics, 7th
Ed.34
The Basic Modes of Transportation:
International Water Carriers
RO-RO (Roll on-Roll off)
Basically a large ferry that facilitates
the loading and unloading process
by using drive on/off ramps
May also have the capacity to haul
containers
Other
OBO multipurpose carriers Barges (not transoceanic)
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SEA PORTS IN INDIA
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
KANDLA PORT
JAWAHAR LAL NEHRU PORT
MUMBAI PORT
MORMUGAO PORT
MANGALORE PORT
COCHIN PORT
PORT BLAIR
TUTICORIN PORT
CHENNAI PORT
VIZAG PORT
PARADIP PORT
HALDIA PORT
KOLLAM PORT
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The major ports are those ports which are under the previewof the central government and the minor ports also known as
non major ports. However, only 61 of the 185 minor ports
provide round the year berthing facilities.
INTRODUCTION
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KANDLA PORT
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KANDLA PORT
Kandla Port- Gujarat:
The Kandla Port is situated on the Gulf of
Kutch near the Gandhidham city in Kutch
District of Gujarat.
The Growth Engine of India host of the
major seaport of west coast,
The Port of Kandla is the first special
economic zone in India as well as in Asia,
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Kandla Port is hub for major imports like petroleum, chemicals and iron
also export grains , salt and textiles.
Port of Kandla is one of the highest earning ports of India, another portin Gujarat is Mundra Port , India’s largest private port.
KANDLA PORT
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Jawaharlal Nehru Port first name is
Nhava Sheva.
Nehru port is situated at the mainland of
Konkan area across the Navi MumbaiMaharashtra.
Jawaharlal Nehru Port is the largest
container port in India
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU PORT
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Jawaharlal Nehru Port is the king port of Arabian Sea at west cost.
JNP handle a large volume of international container traffic and
domestic cargo traffic.
The major exports are textiles , carpets , boneless meat and main
imports are machinery , vegetable oils and chemicals.
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU PORT
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The main port of Goa, Marmagao port
is a best natural harbours of India
located in South Goa
Marmagao port is one of the leading
iron ores exporter port in India
raw materials
MORMUGAO PORT
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The port of Marmagao is one of the major attraction of Goa alongwith the beautiful city of Vasco da Gama. International Airport
Dabolim.
The natural harbour of Goa is one of India’s earliest modern ports.
MORMUGAO PORT
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First name of Manglore port isPanambur Port.
Seaport located near to Surathkalrailway station in Dakshina Kannada
district of Karnataka.
New Mangalore Port is a deep waterall weather port and the only major
port of Karnataka and one of the
largest port in India.
MANGALORE PORT
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Port of Mangalore export major commodities like manganese, granite stones,coffee and cashew.
main imports includes timber logs , LPG , petroleum products and cargo
containers.
There is a beautiful beach at south of sea port of Panambur along with the shore
of the Arabian Sea.
MANGALORE PORT
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The Cochin port is one of the largest
port in India.
the major port on the Arabian Sea and
Indian Ocean sea route.
The port of Cochin lies on two islands
ofWillingdon andVallarpadam.
The largest container trans shipment
facility in India.
COCHIN PORT
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Kochi Port is equipped with maritime facilities Cochin Shipyard, KochiRefineries and Kochi Marina.
Kochi city is famous for its traditional spices.
Well known as the port city of Fort Kochi during the Europeancolonials.
It also get its individual Kochi International airport, third Internationalairport in the state of Kerala.
COCHIN PORT
PORT BLAIR
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Port Blair is the capital city ofAndaman Nicobar Islands
Andaman Nicobar Islands, a Union
Territory of India located at the
juncture of the Bay of Bengal and
Andaman Sea.
Port Blair is the youngest sea port in
India and one of the 12 major port of the country.
PORT BLAIR
PORT BLAIR
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The only port of Andaman islands are connected to mainland of India throughflight and ship.
Port Blair is the principal hub for shipping in the islands of Andaman.
one of the most popular tourist destination with several places of interest
around like virgin beaches, scuba diving and water sports.
PORT BLAIR
TUTICORIN PORT
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Tuticorin Port is an artificial deep-seaharbour and one of the 12 major ports of
India.
It is also known asTuticorin Port.
It is also the second largest port in Tamil
Nadu.
First is Chennai Port.
one of the largest container terminal in
India.
TUTICORIN PORT
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The artificial port of Tuticorin is a all weather port and who receive a largevolume of international traffic.
Port of Tuticorin are a used to be best port for maritime trade and pearl fishery
on the bay of Bengal.
TUTICORIN PORT
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Madras Port is the one of the oldestport of India.
second largest port in the country.
Chennai Port also the largest port in
the Bay of Bengal.
Hub port for cars, big containers and
cargo traffic in the east coast of India.
CHENNAI PORT
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Port of the Coromandel Coast handles a variety of cargo containers.
Automobiles.
Coal.
Fertilizers.
petroleum products.
Chennai Port terminals have lighthouses around, Intra port connectivity,
Pipelines and railway terminus.
CHENNAI PORT
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The port city Visakhapatnam is located onthe southeast coast of India in the state of
Andhra Pradesh.
Visakhapatnam or Vizag has one of the
India’s largest seaport and the oldestshipyard of country.
The Visakhapatnam harbours is the only
Natural harbours in the bay of Bengal
shore.
VIZAG PORT
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Vizag is second largest city in Andhra.
The government aims to triple india's total port capacity to 3.1 billion tonnes
by 2020.
Coal is manually unloaded from vessels and shovelled onto trucks that take it to
an open stack yard from where winds carry coal dust to the city.
VIZAG PORT
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The artificial, deep-water port of eastcoast of India is located in the
Jagatsinghpur district of Orissa state.
Port of Paradip is the major port in the
east cost shore.
Port is situated at the confluence of
great river Mahanadi and the Bay of
Bengal.
PARADIP PORT
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Paradip Port has its own railway system.
Cold handling plant and a national highway connects the port with rest
of Indian road networks.
PARADIP PORT
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Haldia port is also known as Calcuttaport.
Haldia port or Calcutta Port is a major
seaport situated near the Hooghly
River in the state ofWest Bengal.
Port of Haldia is one of the major
trade centre for Calcutta.
HALDIA PORT
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Calcutta port receive bulk cargoes of Chemicals, Petrochemicals andoils.
Port of Kolkata is also a base of Indian Coast Guard.
HALDIA PORT
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Kollam Port is one of themajor ports in India.
Port is situated 4 km awayfrom heart of the City of Kollam- The Cashew Capital of theWorld.
It is the second largest port inKerala by volume of cargohandled and facilities..
KOLLAM PORT
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It is located on the west coast of India.
Kollam city was one the most famous trade hubs in India during AD 800-1800period.
The Port is governed by the Directorate of Ports Department of Governmentof Kerala.
The modern Cargo Port in Kollam was commissioned on 19 October 1997and inaugurated by Sri.V.S.Achuthanandan, the then Chief Minister of Kerala.
Now a customs clearance centre and cement packing terminal is working inthe port.The wharf can easily handle ships up to 200 Meters in length.
KOLLAM PORT
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Indian government has a federal structure, and according to its constitution,
maritime transport is to be administered by both the Central and the State
governments. While the central government's shipping ministry administers
the major ports, the minor and intermediate ports are administered by the
relevant departments or ministries in the nine coastal states Andhra Pradesh,
Odisha, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, Goa, Maharashtra and
Gujarat. Several of these 187 minor and intermediate ports have been
identified by the respective governments to be developed, in a phased
manner, a good proportion of them involving public–private partnership.
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World Continents and Oceans
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Objectives
You will be able to:Name each of the seven continents,
and the five oceansLocate each of the continents and
oceans on a map
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North America
North America is made up of fourcountries: Canada is the furthestNorth, The United States is in themiddle, and Mexico is the furthestsouth. Greenland is an Island of NorthAmerica, lying Northeast of Canada.
There are three Oceans that touchNorth America, The Arctic to theNorth, The Pacific to the West, and theAtlantic to the East.
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South America
South America is made up
of twelve countries.
The Pacific Ocean borders South America to
the West, and the Atlantic
to the East.
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Europe
Europe is made up of forty-eight countries.
The Atlantic Ocean is
Europe’s western border. The Arctic Ocean is north
of Europe.
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Asia
Asia is made up of
numerous countries, the
largest of which include
Russia, China, and India.
The Pacific Ocean lies to
the east, while the Indian
Ocean falls on thesouthwest.
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Africa
Africa is made up of fifty-three countries.
Africa is surrounded by the
Atlantic Ocean to the westand the Indian Ocean to the
East.
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Australia
Australia as a continent
includes the mainland of
Australia along with
Tasmania and many of the
Islands throughout the
Pacific Ocean.
The Indian Ocean borders the west and
south, while the Pacific is
on the east.
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Antarctica
Antarctica is made of fiveregions and one island
Chain.
The Ocean surroundingAntarctica has been
recently renamed as the
Southern Ocean.
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The Oceans
The Pacific Ocean stretches 64,186,000 square miles and hasan average depth of 15,215 feet.
The Atlantic Ocean stretches 33,420,000 square miles and
has an average depth of 12,881 feet.
The Indian Ocean stretches 28,350,000 square miles and hasan average depth of 13,002 feet.