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Community EcologyChapter 20
Table of Contents
Section 1 Species Interactions
Section 2 Patterns in Communities
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Section 1 Species InteractionsChapter 20
Objectives
• Identify two types of predator adaptations and two types of prey adaptations.
• Identify possible causes and results of interspecific competition.
• Compare parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism, and give one example of each.
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Section 1 Species InteractionsChapter 20
Predation
• Predation is an interaction in which one organism (the predator) captures and eats all or part of another individual organism (the prey).
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Chapter 20
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
Predation
Section 1 Species Interactions
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Section 1 Species InteractionsChapter 20
Predation, continued
• Predator Adaptations– Predators have adaptations to efficiently capture
prey, whereas prey species have adaptations to avoid capture.
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Section 1 Species InteractionsChapter 20
Predation, continued
• Adaptations in Animal Prey– Mimicry is an adaptation in which a species gains
an advantage by resembling another species or object.
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Section 1 Species InteractionsChapter 20
Predation, continued
• Adaptations in Plant Prey– Many plants produce secondary compounds as a
chemical defense.
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Chapter 20
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
Competition
Section 1 Species Interactions
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Section 1 Species InteractionsChapter 20
Competition
• Competitive Exclusion– Competition may cause competitive exclusion,
the elimination of one species in a community.
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Chapter 20
Effect of Competition on Two Species of Barnacles
Section 1 Species Interactions
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Chapter 20
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
Niche
Section 1 Species Interactions
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Section 1 Species InteractionsChapter 20
Competition, continued
• Character Displacement– Competition may drive the evolution of niche
differences among competitors. This evolution of differences in a characteristic due to competition is called character displacement.
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Section 1 Species InteractionsChapter 20
Competition, continued
• Resource Partitioning– Differential resource use to avoid competition is
called resource partitioning.
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Chapter 20
Warbler Foraging Zones
Section 1 Species Interactions
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Section 1 Species InteractionsChapter 20
Symbiosis
• Parasitism– In parasitism, one species (the parasite) feeds
on, but does not always kill, another species (the host).
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Chapter 20
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
Symbiosis
Section 1 Species Interactions
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Section 1 Species InteractionsChapter 20
Symbiosis, continued
• Mutualism– In mutualism, both interacting species benefit.
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Section 1 Species InteractionsChapter 20
Symbiosis, continued
• Commensalism– In commensalism, one species benefits, and the
other is not affected.
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Section 2 Patterns in CommunitiesChapter 20
Objectives
• Describe the factors that affect species richness in a community.
• Explain how disturbances affect community stability.
• Distinguish between types of succession, and explain why succession may not be predictable.
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Section 2 Patterns in CommunitiesChapter 20
Species Richness
• Species richness is the number of species in a community.
• Species evenness is the relative abundance of each species.
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Section 2 Patterns in CommunitiesChapter 20
Species Richness, continued
• Latitude and Species Richness– In general, species richness is greatest near the
equator, and larger areas support more species.
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Section 2 Patterns in CommunitiesChapter 20
Species Richness, continued
• Species Interactions and Species Richness– Species interactions such as predation can
promote species richness.
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Section 2 Patterns in CommunitiesChapter 20
Species Richness, continued
• Community Stability and Species Richness– Disturbances can alter a community by
eliminating or removing organisms or altering resource availability.
– Species richness may improve a community’s stability.
– Areas of low species richness may be less stable in the event of an ecological disturbance.
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Section 2 Patterns in CommunitiesChapter 20
Successional Changes in Communities
• Ecological succession is a change in the species composition of a community over time.
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Chapter 20
Click below to watch the Visual Concept.
Visual Concept
Pioneer Species
Section 2 Patterns in Communities
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Section 2 Patterns in CommunitiesChapter 20
Successional Changes in Communities, continued
• Primary Succession– Primary succession is the assembly of a
community on newly created habitat. – Primary succession occurs in areas that have
been recently exposed to the elements and lack soil.
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Section 2 Patterns in CommunitiesChapter 20
Successional Changes in Communities, continued
• Secondary Succession– Secondary succession is the change in an
existing community following a disturbance.– Secondary succession occurs in areas where the
original ecosystem has been cleared by a disturbance.
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Section 2 Patterns in CommunitiesChapter 20
The Complexity of Succession
• The traditional description of succession is that the community proceeds through a predictable series of stages until it reaches a stable end point, called the climax community.
• Primary succession typically proceeds from lichens and mosses to a climax community.
• Secondary succession typically proceeds from weeds to a climax community.
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Chapter 20
Ecological Succession at Glacier Bay
Section 2 Patterns in Communities